Abdomen Flashcards
consists of the alimentary tract and certain accessory organs that contribute to the digestive process
Digestive system
Radiological important accessory organs of the digestive system:
1) Teeth
2) Salivary glands
3) Liver and pancreas
Peritoneum
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of:
1) A large superior portion, the abdominal cavity
2) A smaller inferior portion, the pelvic cavity
The abdominal cavity extends from the ____to the __________________________.
diaphragm , superior aspect of the bony pelvis
The abdominal cavity consists of:
1) Stomach
2) Small & large intestines
3) Liver
4) Gallbladder
5) Spleen
6) Pancreas
7) Kidneys
The pelvic cavity lies within the margins of the
bony pelvis
The pelvic cavity contains the:
1) Rectum and sigmoid of the large intestines
2) Urinary bladder
3) Reproductive organs
double-walled seromembranous sac that encloses the abdominoplevic cavity
Peritoneum
outer portion of the peritoneum; in close contact with the abdominal wall, greater (false) pelvic wall, and most of the under surface of the diaphragm
Parietal peritoneum
inner portion of the peritoneum; positioned over or around the contained organs
Visceral peritoneum
The visceral peritoneum forms folds called the
mesentery and omenta
What does the mesentery and omenta do?
These serve to support the viscera in position.
The space between the two layers of the peritoneum is called
peritoneal cavity.
cavity behind the peritoneum; contains organs like the kidneys and pancreas
Retroperitoneum
The ____ is the largest gland in the body
liver
Where is liver located?
upper right quadrant
The liver’s base is on the ___ side, and the apex is directed ____ and to the ____.
right
anteriorly , left
divides liver into right and left lobes
Falciform ligament
Liver:
The right lobe has two minor lobes:
1) Caudate lobe- posterior surface
2) Quadrate lobe- inferior surface
Sitting transversely between the two minor lobes is the hilum of the liver, or the
porta hepatis
The ______ and ______, both of which convey blood to the liver, enter the porta hepatis and branch out through the liver substance.
portal vein
hepatic artery
The portal vein ends in ____.
sinusoids
Hepatic artery ends in ______
capillaries
the capillaries communicate with _____
sinusoids
True or False:
the liver receive arterial blood supply, it receives blood from the portal system.
True
Portal System:
Main trunk —————– Portal vein
Portal System consists of:
veins of stomach veins from the intestinal tract veins from gallbladder veins from pancreas veins from spleen
The _______ convey blood from the liver sinusoids to the ________________.
hepatic veins
inferior vena cava
_______is the channel of elimination for the waste products of red blood cell destruction.
Bile
True or False:
Bile is only a secretion
False
bile is both a secretion and excretion
Bile as a secretion:
it is an important aid in the emulsification and assimilation of ___.
fats
Bile is collected from the liver cells by the ____ and either carried to the gallbladder for temporary storage or poured directly into the ____ through the ________________
ducts
duodenum
common bile duct.
The biliary system (excretory system) of the liver consists of the ______ and the _____.
bile ducts
gallbladder
The biliary system begins in the lobules as:
1) The bile capillaries
2) Ducts unite to form larger and larger passages,
3) Form two main ducts, one from each lobe
two main ducts of biliary system emerge at the __________ and join to form the _______
porta hepatis
common hepatic duct
The common hepatic duct joins with the _________ to form the
cystic duct
common bile duct or CBD
The cystic duct comes from the
gallbladder
The common bile duct joins the _______. They enter together, or side by side, into an enlarged chamber known as the
pancreatic duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla or ampulla of Vater
The ampulla of Vater opens into the descending portion of the
duodenum
The distal end of the CBD is controlled by the ______________ as it enters the duodenum
choledochal sphincter
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a circular muscle known as the
sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla or sphincter of Oddi.
The _______is a thin walled, more or less pear-shaped, musculomembranous sac with a capacity of approximately 2 ounces
gallbladder
The gallbladder functions to:
1) Concentrate bile by absorption of water content
2) To store bile during interdigestive periods
3) To evacuate bile during digestive periods
hormone that activates muscular contractions to force the bile out of the gallbladder.
Cholecystokinin
The gallbladder consists of:
1) Narrow neck that connects with the cystic duct
2) A body or main portion
3) A fundus- broad lower portion
The gallbladder is located in a fossa on the _______ (_____) surface of the right lobe of the liver.
visceral (inferior)
an elongated gland situated across the posterior abdominal wall extending from the duodenum to the spleen
Pancreas
The pancreas is about _________ long and consists of a _____, ____, ____, & ______. It cannot be visualized by plain radiographic films
5 1/2 inches
head, neck, body, and tail.
True or False.
The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland
True
If the patient is _____, they should have a prep done to better visualize abdominal structures
nonacute
The prep is generally determined by the facility, but includes:
1) Controlled diet
2) Laxative
3) Enemas
True or False:
Acute Abdominal preps are administered
False:
These are sick patients with a possible visceral rupture or intestinal obstruction or perforation.
Exposure Technique: In exams without contrast medium, it is imperative to maximize soft tissue differentiation throughout the regions of the abdomen -
You should:
You want moderate grays (less black and white)
If kVp is too high, small or semiopaque structures may not be demonstrated (gallstones)
Evaluation Criteria without Contrast:
You want sharply defined outlines of the:
Psoas muscles Lower border of the liver Kidneys Ribs Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
involuntary motion
Peristalisis
The most commonly performed abdomen is the supine AP, called
KUB
prolapsed or falling down of the abdominal viscera
Visceroptosis
Supine and Upright AP Abdomen: aka
flat/upright abdomen
done to rule out free air, look at air-fluid levels, and to rule out infection; includes a flat abdomen, upright (or left lateral decubitus) abdomen, and PA chest x-rays
acute abdominal series
Radiation Protection
1) Shield gonads (even with good collimation) if within 2 inches (5 cm) of primary beam
2) If the region of interest (ROI) will not be compromised
3) If patient has reasonable reproductive potential.
Use close collimation:
1) To reduce patient exposure
2) To improve radiographic quality
The combining form cholecyst(o)- means
gallbladder
The combining form cholangi(o)-
bile ducts
The hepatopancreatic ampulla is controlled by a ____ muscle known as the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
circular
The ____end of the common bile duct contains a sphincter that controls the bile entering into the duodenum.
distal
The distal end of the common bile duct contains a sphincter that controls the bile entering into the duodenum. It is known as the _____________
choledochal sphincter.
The largest gland in the body is the
liver
The narrow space between the two layers of peritoneum is called the ______________.
peritoneal cavity
The folds of peritoneum that surround and support the abdominal organs are called the ___&_____
omenta and mesentery
The inner portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the ___________-
visceral peritoneum.
The outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the ___________
parietal peritoneum.
During an ERCP an _____is passed into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control
endoscope
. “Spot” radiographs are usually taken of the pancreatic and ________.
common bile ducts
During an operative cholangiogram the surgeon injects the contrast medium directly into the biliary system. The ___ and ________, ____ projections are typically done during this procedure.
AP
AP oblique
RPO
The upright and R-lateral decubitus positions are used to demonstrate layering of stones in the _____.
gallbladder
The desired degree of obliquity for the PA oblique projection of the gallbladder is _____depending on body habitus.
15-40o
The oblique position used to demonstrate the gallbladder is the ______, ____
PA oblique, LAO
The CR is _______for a PA projection of the gallbladder
perpendicular
The midcoronal plane is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for a lateral projection of the _____.
abdomen
The center of the cassette is positioned __inches above the iliac crests for a lateral projection of the abdomen done in dorsal ____position.
2
decubitus
true or false?
The pre-vertebral space and air-fluid levels are clearly shown on a lateral abdomen projection done in the dorsal decubitus position
true
Common indications for performing oral _____________include cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and biliary stenosis.
cholecystography
A specific radiographic examination of the gallbladder is termed a .
cholecystography
A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed a .
cholangiography
_______- is a combining form referring to the common bile duct.
Choledocho
The contrast medium for oral cholecystography is given to the patient _____ hours after the evening meal.
2-3
The ____position is the preferred position for the scout radiograph of the gallbladder.
prone
The cassette size that should be used for radiographs of the biliary tract and gallbladder is the__________
8 x 10.
The cassette is centered for a ___gallbladder radiograph depending on the body habitus.
PA
The respiration phase for all projections of the biliary tract or gallbladder is ____.
expiration
During an examination of the gallbladder and biliary tract the exposure should be delayed for __ seconds after cessation of respiration to permit peristaltic action to subside.
2
A patient should lie in the left lateral position _____ minutes before the radiograph is made. This is often necessary to demonstrate small amounts of intraperitoneal gas in patients with acute abdomen.
10-20
_____ level is one of the primary reasons a left lateral decubitus abdominal radiograph is performed.
Air-fluid
AP, lateral decubitus and a PA, upright are two projections of the abdomen in which the x-ray beam is placed in the _____position.
horizontal
The respiration phase for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position is ____.
expiration
The center of the cassette is positioned ___-inches above the iliac crests for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the left lateral decubitus position.
2
The respiration phase for an AP or PA abdominal radiograph done in the upright position is .
expiration
The center of the cassette is positioned 2 inches above the______ for an upright PA abdominal radiograph.
iliac crests
The CR is _____for an AP abdominal radiograph.
perpendicular
The respiration phase for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the ____position is expiration.
supine
The center of the cassette should be positioned 2 inches above the iliac crests for an ___ _____radiograph done in the upright position
AP abdominal
The center of the cassette should be positioned at the iliac crests for an AP abdominal radiograph done in the _____position.
supine
If a patient is unable to stand for an upright AP abdominal radiograph, the ____ _____ position should be used.
dorsal decubitus
The most commonly performed abdominal examination is referred to as a .
KUB
Prime considerations in producing an optimal radiograph of the abdomen include explaining the breathing procedures to the patient and not starting the exposure for ___________ after suspension of respiration.
1 to 2 seconds
Functions of the gallbladder include storage of ____&_____
bile and concentration of bile.
The pancreas produces ___, ____, & ____
insulin, glucagons, and pancreatic juice.
The spleen produces _____and stores and removes dead red blood cells.
lymphocytes
The technical factors for an abdominal radiograph should be set to produce ___ ____ latitude.
moderately wide
A properly exposed abdominal radiograph will exhibit the psoas muscles, the lower border of the liver, and the transverse processes of the _______
lumbar vertebrae.
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join and together they enter a chamber known as the hepatopancreatic ____.
ampulla
The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join together to form the ___________
common bile duct.
The two main ___ ____join to form the common hepatic duct
hepatic ducts
The radiologically important primary function of the liver is the formation of .
bile
The hepatic artery and portal vein convey blood to the .
liver
The liver lies in the ___ ___ ___
upper right quadrant
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called the
peritoneum
what organs lay in the pelvic cavity
bladder, anus and reproductive system.
what organs lay in the Abdominal cavity
kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
