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MRS203 > chest > Flashcards

chest Flashcards

1
Q

what bones are located in the thorax?

A 
thoracic vertebra
- body
- lamina
- pedicle
- transverse process
- Spinous process
- Inferior/ superior articular facet
- Intervertebral disc
- Vertebral foramen
Ribs
Sternum
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
Clavicle
Scapula
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2
Q

what organs (apart from the heart) lie within the thorax

A 
Lungs
	- Lobes of the lungs
	- Fissures
	- Cardiac notch
Trachea
	- L and R bronchus
	- Carina
Thymus
Oesophagus
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3
Q

at what level does the trachea bifurcate into the left and right main bronchi?

A

approx. T5

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4
Q

what heart related vessels are within the thorax?

A

heart

  • Right and left atrium
  • Right and left ventricles
  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Mitral valve
  • Atrial and ventricular septum
  • Pericardium
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5
Q

what is the right atrium

A

Forms the right border of the heart and receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the SVC and IVC and from the coronary sinus and cardiac veins that drain the myocardium

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6
Q

what is the right ventricle

A

Lies on the diaphragm and comprises the largest portion of the anterior surface of the heart
It receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and forces it into the pulmonary trunk for conveyance to the lungs

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7
Q

what is the left atrium

A

Lies posterior to the right atrium and is the most posterior surface of the heart
Receives oxygenated blood directly from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins (two on each side)

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8
Q

what is the left ventricle

A

Forms the apex, left border, and most of the inferior surface of the heart
It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for distribution throughout the systemic circuit
2 papillary muscles project from the ventricular walls to anchor the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle

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9
Q

what are the 4 valves of the heart

A 
2 atrioventricular valves
- tricuspid (right valve)
- bicuspid/mitral (left valve)
2 semilunar valves
- pulmonary
- aortic
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10
Q

what do the two atrioventricular valves do and where are they found

A

found at the entrances to both ventricles and function to prevent backflow of blood between the atria and ventricles during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

what do the two semilunar valves do and where are they found

A

Located at the junction where the ventricles meet the great vessels and separate the ventricles from the circulatory system

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12
Q

list all the vessels of the thorax

A 
aorta
- Ascending and descending arch
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary trunk
Left and right pulmonary artery
Left and right pulmonary vein
- Superior and inferior
Brachiocephalic artery
Left and right common carotid
Left and right subclavian
Right and left brachiocephalic vein
Internal and external jugular veins
Right coronary artery
Left main coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery
Azygous vein
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13
Q

what route does the ascending aorta follow

A

Begins at the base of the left ventricle
The origins (root) is divided into three dilations or protrusions that create space termed aortic sinuses, one left, one right, and one posterior, which correspond to the three cusps of the aortic semilunar valve
The right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery, and the left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery

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14
Q

what route does the aortic arch follow

A

he ascending aorta curves superiorly and posteriorly as the aortic arch over the right pulmonary artery and right main bronchus
The top of the arch is approx. At the level of T3
The arch continues as the descending aorta

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15
Q

what route does the descending aorta follow

A

The arch continues posterior to the left bronchus and pulmonary trunk, on the left side of the vertebral body of T4
Passes slightly anterior and to the left of the vertebral column as it descends through the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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16
Q

what route does the pulmonary trunk (main pulmonary artery) follow

A

It arises from the right ventricle and ascends in front of the ascending aorta
Then it courses posteriorly and to the left, where it bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle (T4), into the right and left pulmonary arteries

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17
Q

what route does the right pulmonary artery follow

A

Courses laterally, posterior to the ascending aorta and SVC, and anterior to the oesophagus and right main bronchus, to the hilum of the right lung
It then divides into two branches, with the lower branch supplying the middle and inferior lobes and the upper branch supplying the superior lobe

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18
Q

what route does the left pulmonary artery follow

A

It travels horizontally, arching over the left main bronchus, and enters the hilum of the left lung just superior to the left main bronchus

19
Q

what route do the pulmonary veins follow

A

Located inferior to the pulmonary arteries, two each (superior and inferior), extending from each lung to enter the left atrium
They begin as a capillary network along the walls of the alveoli, where they merge with the capillaries of the pulmonary arteries

20
Q

what route does the right superior pulmonary vein follow

A

Collects blood from the upper lobe segments of the right lung and passes anterior and inferior to the right pulmonary artery, behind the superior vena cava

21
Q

what route does the right inferior pulmonary vein follow

A

Receives blood from the lower lobes of the right lung and crosses behind the right atrium to the left atrium

22
Q

what route does the left superior pulmonary vein follow

A

Receives blood from the left upper lobe of the left lung and courses anterior and inferior to the left main bronchus as it enters the left atrium

23
Q

what route does the left inferior pulmonary vein follow

A
  • Drains the inferior lobe of the left lung and passes toward the left atrium anterior to the bronchi
24
Q

what route does the SVC follow

A

Formed by the junction of the brachiocephalic veins, posterior to the right first costal cartilage, and carries blood from the thorax, upper limbs, head and neck
As it travels inferiorly, it is located posterior and lateral to the ascending aorta before entering the upper portion of the right atrium

25
Q

what route does the IVC follow

A

Formed by the junction of the common iliac veins in the pelvis and ascends the abdomen to the right of the abdominal aorta and anterior to the vertebral column
It passes through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm and almost immediately enters the inferior portion of the right atrium

26
Q

What route does blood follow during circulation of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood is brought to the right atrium from the peripheral tissues by the IVC and SVC
The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary arteries, which enter into the lungs
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, which enter the left atrium
The left atrium forces blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, where it is then pumped through the aortic valve to the aorta

27
Q

what route does the brachiocephalic trunk follow

A

The first major vessel and the largest branch arising from the aortic arch
It ascends obliquely to the upper border of the right sternoclavicular joint, where it divides into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

28
Q

what route does the right common carotid artery follow

A

Ascends the neck lateral to the trachea to the level of C4, where it divides into the right external and internal carotid arteries

29
Q

what route does the right subclavian artery follow

A

Curves posterior to the clavicle into the axillary region, where it becomes the right axillary artery

30
Q

what route does the left common carotid artery follow

A

The second vessel to branch from the aortic arch
It arises just behind the left sternoclavicular joint and ascends into the neck along the left side of the trachea to the level of C4, where it bifurcates into the left external and internal carotid arteries

31
Q

what route does the left subclavian artery follow

A

Arises from the aortic arch posterior to the left common carotid artery and arches laterally toward the axilla in a manner similar to that of the right subclavian artery, where it continues as the left axillary artery

32
Q

what route do the subclavian veins follow

A

Arise from the axillary veins and course posterior to the clavicles
They receive blood from the external jugular veins before uniting with the internal jugular veins behind the sternoclavicular joints, where they continue as the brachiocephalic veins

33
Q

what 3 vessels branch off the aorta?

A
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
34
Q

what route do the left and right brachiocephalic veins follow

A

Course across the midline, anterior to the branches of the aorta, to unite with the right brachiocephalic vein just posterior to the costal cartilage of the right first rib
The union of the two brachiocephalic veins forms the SVC, which empties into the right atrium of the heart

35
Q

what route does the right coronary artery follow

A

Arises from the base or root of the aorta and passes anteriorly between the pulmonary trunk and right atrium to descend in the coronary groove
As it reaches the diaphragmatic surface, it gives off a right marginal branch that runs toward the apex of the heart
Then turns to the left and enters the posterior interventricular groove, where it gives off the posterior interventricular branch

36
Q

what route does the left coronary artery follow

A

Arises from the left aortic sinus and passes to the left between the pulmonary trunk and left atrium to reach the coronary groove
Soon after, it divides into the circumflex and left anterior descending (interventricular) arteries

37
Q

what route does the circumflex artery follow

A

Winds around the left border of the heart to the posterior surface, where it gives off the left marginal artery

38
Q

what route does the left anterior descending artery follow

A

Descends in the anterior interventricular groove toward the apex of the heart, where it reaches the diaphragmatic surface to anastomose with the posterior descending artery

39
Q

what route does the azygous vein follow

A

Ascends along the right side of the vertebral column

Arches over the hilum of the right lung to empty into posterior superior vena cava

40
Q

what is the transverse ligament of the thorax

A

Extends across the vertebral foramen of C1 to form a sling over the posterior surface of the odontoid process
It has a small band of longitudinal fibres that ascend to attach to the posteroinferior aspect of the clivus and inferiorly to attach to the body of the axis
Holds the odontoild process of C2 against the anterior arch of C1

41
Q

what are the 3 ligaments of the thorax?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal

Transverse ligament of atlas

42
Q

what is the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

A broad fibrous band that extends downward from C1 along the entire anterior surface of the vertebral bodies to the sacrum
Connects the anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks to maintain stability of the joints and to help prevent hyperextension of the vertebral column
It is thicker in the thoracic region than in the cervical and lumbar regions, providing additional support to the T spine

43
Q

what is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Lies inside the vertebral canal and runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies
Unlike the anterior longitudinal ligament, it is attached only at the intervertebral disk and adjacent margins
It is separated from the middle of each vertebra by epidural fat, which provides passage of the basivertebral veins
Runs the entire length of the vertebral column beginning at C2

MRS203 (8 decks)

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