Chemotherapy Flashcards
Which type of cancers can chemotherapy act as curative treatment for? [1]
Germ cell tumours (testicular, ovarian, mediastinal)
What is neo-adjuvent chemotherapy? [1]
Name a cancer that is common for [1]
Chemotherapy given prior to surgery / radiation: improves patient fitness and operations are smaller / less invasive
Ovarian cancer
What is adjuvent chemotherapy? [1]
Give an example of a cancer that its used on [1]
Given after radiation / surgery: eradicates evasive cancers
Breast cancer
Name 6 modes of chemotherapy administration [6]
Topical
Subcut / IM
Oral
Intra-arterial
Intra-cavity
Intrathecal
IV
Types of chemotherapy
Describe how alkylating agents work
Highly reactive molecules which bind to electron-rich nucleophilic moieties on all large and small molecules
No specificity but the chance reaction with DNA forms basis of anti-tumour effects
Give 3 examples of alkylating agent chemotherapy [3]
Cyclophosphamide
Ifosfamide
Busulfan
Name a common AE of alkylating agent [1]
hemorrhagic cystitis
Types of chemotherapy
Describe MoA of platinum agents [1]
Primary mode of cell death is damage to cellular DNA by the development of covalent adducts
Give 3 examples of planitum agent chemotherapies [3]
Carboplatin
Cisplatin
Oxaliplatin
Types of chemotherapy
Describe MoA of anti-metabolites [2]
Most antimetabolites are structural analogs of molecules that are normally involved in the process of cell growth and division
They are incorporated into DNA and/or RNA and interfere with synthesis by conveying false messages
Give an example of anti-metabolites [1]
Methotrexate (derivate of folic acid)
Types of chemotherapy
Describe MoA of TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITORS [1]
DNA Topoisomerases (I & II) are essential enzymes that regulate the topological state of DNA during cellular processes such as replication, transcription and chromatin remodeling.
Name examples of two topoisomerase I and II [4]
Topoisomerase-I
* Irinotecan
* Topotecan
Topoisomerase-II
* Doxorubicin
* Epirubicin
Which of the following is cardiotoxic and cause dilated cardiomyopathy
- Irinotecan
- Topotecan
- Doxorubicin
- Epirubicin
- Irinotecan
- Topotecan
- Doxorubicin
- Epirubicin
Types of chemotherapy
Describe MoA of tubulin active agents [1]
What are the two types? [2]
Give two examples of each type [4]
Microtubules are a core component of mitotic spindle that separates chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division
Vinca Alkaloids prevent assembly of microtubules and at higher doses inhibit mitotic spindle formation:
* Vinblastine
* Vincristine
Taxanes bind to microtubules; promotes assembly into microtubles and inhibits disassembly
* Paclitaxel
* Docetaxel
Name the 4 misellaneous chemotherapy drugs and explain their MoA [4]
MISCELLANEOUS
Bleomycin
Mixture of cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from the fungus streptomyces verticillus that possess both anit-tumour and anti-bacterial properties however exact mechanism of action is unknown
Actinomycin-D
Another antibiotic from streptomyces parvullus; it exerts cytotoxic effects by intercalation between guanine-cytosine base pairs with inhibition of the synthesis of messenger RNA
L-Asparaginase
Contains the enzyme L-asparaginase originally isolated from escherichia coli; anti-tumour effect results from rapid and complete depletion of asparagine in the bloodstream and extracellular space, which deprives tumour cells of the required amino acids and inhibits protein synthesis
Trabectedin
Derived from ecteinascidia turbinata; binds to the minor groove of DNA, bending the helix towards the major groove, which leads to interference with the intracellular transcription pathways and DNA-repair pathways
Name drugs that target each stage of the cell cycle (G1 / S / G2 / M)
* G1: vinblastine
* S: Methotrexate, 6-Mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil
* G2: Bleomycin, etoposide, topotecan, daunorubicin
* M: vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, docetaxel
Name some general side effects of chemotherapy [7]
Nausea, vomiting, mouth ulcers, change in taste, diarrhea, constipation
Fatigue
Bleeding, bruising and risk of life-threatening infection
Rash, skin changes, nail changes
Change in liver function, cardiac function, lung function, renal function
Neuropathy, tinnitus
Early menopause, loss of libido and infertility
Blood clots
Hair loss
Allergic reaction
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Palmar-Planter Erythrodysesthesia?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Palmar-Planter Erythrodysesthesia?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Raspberry Urine?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Raspberry Urine?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Peri-Orbital Oedema?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Peri-Orbital Oedema?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Flagellate Erythema ?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
Which chemotherapy drug would cause Flagellate Erythema ?
Capecitabine
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin
Imatinib
