Cancer Pathology Flashcards
Describe the differences between benign and malingant tumours with regards to:
- location [1]
- treatment [1]
Benign tumours:
* NOT cancer
* remain localised to the tissue
* curable by surgery (BUT can compress vital organs e.g. meningioma in the CNS)
grow by expansion)
Malignant tumours
* ARE cancer.
* Tumour cells become detached and extend through the adjacent tissues.
* Spread via lymph or blood
* Surgical resection becomes difficult
Benign vs malignant:
Rate of growth [1]
Shape [1]
Differentation [1]
Mitotic rate [1]
BM relationship [1]
metastasising [1]
Describe 5 features of malignant melanomas [4]
Asymmetrical
Borders uneven
Two or more colours
Larger than ¼ inch
(6mm)
Describe tumour development from initiation to metastasis [6] (of epithelial cancers)
Initiation
Hyperplasia: cells divides more rapidly than normal
Dysplasia: Altered cells with increased grwoth potential
In situ cancer
Invasive Cancer: cells enter blood and lymph
Metastasis: forms at different sites
Which of the following is often indicative of early neoplastic process
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Which of the following is often indicative of early neoplastic process
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Which of the following may result in the formation of a benign tumour
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Which of the following may result in the formation of a benign tumour
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Which of the following may result in the formation of a malignant tumour
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Which of the following may result in the formation of a malignant tumour
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer
Where do breast [1] and prostate cancer [1] typically metastasise to?
Breast metastasises to Brain
Prostate metastasises to bone
qs on it
What is the yellow arrow pointing at in this prostate slide? [1]
Basal cell
Describe the changes seen in malignant prostate glands [4]
- Note size of nucleus: cytoplasm
-
Prominent nucleoli
(green arrows) - Absence of basal cell layer
- Hyperchromasia (blue arrows)
- Glands lost regular tubuloalveolar arrangement
Describe the environment in the middle of a tumour [1]
Ischemic necrotic (Centre of the tumour does not receive sufficient food and oxygen)
Grading of cancer is based on which two factors? [2]
- Degree of anaplasia (degree of differentiation)
- Rate of growth
Describe the differences in Grade I - IV of cancer grading [4] (what % is each grading?)
Grade – I: Well differentiated (< 25% anaplastic cells)
Grade – II: Moderately differentiated (25-50% anaplastic cells)
Grade – III : Moderately differentiated (50-75% anaplastic cells)
Grade - IV: Poorly-differentiated or anaplastic (>75% anaplastic cells
Staging of cancer is based on which two factors? [2]
1 Size of tumour
2 Extent of growth (or spread)
What are the two types of staging? [2]
Two types:
1 Tumour Nodes Metastasis (TNM)
2 Number system
The [] scoring system is the most common prostate cancer grading system used.
The Gleason scoring system is the most common prostate cancer grading system used.
Explain TNM staging of tumours [3]
T- size of the cancer and how far it has spread into nearby tissue
* T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
N refers to whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes – it can be between 0 (no lymph nodes containing cancer cells) and 3 (lots of lymph nodes containing cancer cells)
* N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.
M refers to whether the cancer has metastasised – it can either be 0 (no spread) or 1 (the cancer has spread)
Describe the nuclear morphology of cancerous cells
Hyperchromasia
Chromatin clumping
Prominent nucleoli
Little cytoplasm
Increased nuclear: cytoplasmic
ratio (>1:5 to 1:1)
Frequent mitosis (yellow arrows
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
What is the histopathological slide depicting?
Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders
Abnormal mitosis
What is the yellow arrow pointing at? [1]
Tripolar Spindles
