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Cancer > Cancer Pathology > Flashcards

Cancer Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the differences between benign and malingant tumours with regards to:

  • location [1]
  • treatment [1]
A

Benign tumours:
* NOT cancer
* remain localised to the tissue
* curable by surgery (BUT can compress vital organs e.g. meningioma in the CNS)
grow by expansion)

Malignant tumours
* ARE cancer.
* Tumour cells become detached and extend through the adjacent tissues.
* Spread via lymph or blood
* Surgical resection becomes difficult

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2
Q

Benign vs malignant:

Rate of growth [1]
Shape [1]
Differentation [1]
Mitotic rate [1]
BM relationship [1]
metastasising [1]

A
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3
Q

Describe 5 features of malignant melanomas [4]

A

Asymmetrical

Borders uneven

Two or more colours

Larger than ¼ inch
(6mm)

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4
Q

Describe tumour development from initiation to metastasis [6] (of epithelial cancers)

A

Initiation
Hyperplasia: cells divides more rapidly than normal
Dysplasia: Altered cells with increased grwoth potential
In situ cancer
Invasive Cancer: cells enter blood and lymph
Metastasis: forms at different sites

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5
Q

Which of the following is often indicative of early neoplastic process

Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

A

Which of the following is often indicative of early neoplastic process

Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

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6
Q

Which of the following may result in the formation of a benign tumour

Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

A

Which of the following may result in the formation of a benign tumour

Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

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7
Q

Which of the following may result in the formation of a malignant tumour

Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

A

Which of the following may result in the formation of a malignant tumour

Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
In situ cancer
Invasive cancer

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8
Q

Where do breast [1] and prostate cancer [1] typically metastasise to?

A

Breast metastasises to Brain

Prostate metastasises to bone

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9
Q

qs on it

A
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10
Q

What is the yellow arrow pointing at in this prostate slide? [1]

A

Basal cell

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11
Q

Describe the changes seen in malignant prostate glands [4]

A
  • Note size of nucleus: cytoplasm
  • Prominent nucleoli
    (green arrows)
  • Absence of basal cell layer
  • Hyperchromasia (blue arrows)
  • Glands lost regular tubuloalveolar arrangement
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12
Q

Describe the environment in the middle of a tumour [1]

A

Ischemic necrotic (Centre of the tumour does not receive sufficient food and oxygen)

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13
Q

Grading of cancer is based on which two factors? [2]

A
  1. Degree of anaplasia (degree of differentiation)
  2. Rate of growth
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14
Q

Describe the differences in Grade I - IV of cancer grading [4] (what % is each grading?)

A

Grade – I: Well differentiated (< 25% anaplastic cells)

Grade – II: Moderately differentiated (25-50% anaplastic cells)

Grade – III : Moderately differentiated (50-75% anaplastic cells)

Grade - IV: Poorly-differentiated or anaplastic (>75% anaplastic cells

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15
Q

Staging of cancer is based on which two factors? [2]

A

1 Size of tumour
2 Extent of growth (or spread)

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16
Q

What are the two types of staging? [2]

A

Two types:
1 Tumour Nodes Metastasis (TNM)
2 Number system

17
Q

The [] scoring system is the most common prostate cancer grading system used.

A

The Gleason scoring system is the most common prostate cancer grading system used.

18
Q

Explain TNM staging of tumours [3]

A

T- size of the cancer and how far it has spread into nearby tissue
* T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.

N refers to whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes – it can be between 0 (no lymph nodes containing cancer cells) and 3 (lots of lymph nodes containing cancer cells)
* N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.

M refers to whether the cancer has metastasised – it can either be 0 (no spread) or 1 (the cancer has spread)

19
Q

Describe the nuclear morphology of cancerous cells

A

Hyperchromasia
Chromatin clumping
Prominent nucleoli
Little cytoplasm
Increased nuclear: cytoplasmic
ratio (>1:5 to 1:1)
Frequent mitosis (yellow arrows

20
Q

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

A

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

21
Q

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

A

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

22
Q

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

A

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

23
Q

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

A

What is the histopathological slide depicting?

Hyperchromatic karyokinesis
Hypochromatic karyokinesis
Asymmetrical bikaryokinesis
Trikaryokinesis
Karyokinesis of chromatin in disorders

24
Q

Abnormal mitosis

What is the yellow arrow pointing at? [1]

A

Tripolar Spindles

25
Q

Abnormal mitosis

What is the red arrow pointing at? [1]

A

Quadripolar Spindles

26
Q

What does ‘pleomorphism of anaplastic tissue’ mean? [1]

What are the subcategories of pleomorphism can occur? [4]

A

Variation in cell shape and size often larger than normal:

  • Cellular pleomorphism
  • Nuclear pleomorphism
  • Hyperchromatic nuclei
  • Tumour giant cells

Causes: overall little resemblance to normal tissue

27
Q

Describe the mechanism of metastasis [7]

A
  1. Vascularisation of tumour occurs
  2. Cells detach from the primary tumour
  3. BM is degraded and invasion into the ECM occurs
  4. Intravastion of nearby blood vessels
  5. Tumour cells circulate in the vascular system
  6. Some cells adhere to the walls of blood vessels
  7. Extravastion and migration to local tissue occurs
  8. Where secondary tumour can form
28
Q

Describe process of metastatic niche creation [1]

A

Once lodged into area for secondary tissue growth: create environment called metastatic-niche. Get different cell types arriving so that tissue can grow

29
Q

Colon cancer commonly metastasises to the

Brain
Bone
Kidney
Liver
Prostate

A

Colon cancer commonly metastasises to the

Brain
Bone
Kidney
Liver
Prostate

30
Q

This scan reveals cancer which is most likely metastasised from?

Brain
Bone
Kidney
Liver
Prostate

A

This scan reveals cancer which is most likely metastasised from?

Brain
Bone
Kidney
Liver
Prostate

31
Q

Metastatic breast cancer:

Which genes are downregulated? [2]

Which genes are upregulated? [1]

A

Downregulated:
* BRCA1
* E-cadherin

Upregulated:
* VEGF

32
Q

Which lymph nodes are the most common site for breast cancer metastasis? [1]

A

axillary lymph nodes

33
Q

Stage IIIC breast cancer is a cancer in how many lymph nodes?

> 6
7
8
9
10

A

Stage IIIC breast cancer is a cancer in how many lymph nodes?

> 6
7
8
9
>10

34
Q

‘Radioactive tracer and a blue dye are administered near site of tumour’

What does this describe

A

Sentinel node biopsy

Cancer (11 decks)

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