Chemotherapeutic Agents

Question 1

drugs designed to target foreign
organisms that have invaded and infected the body of a human
host

Answer 1

Antiinfective agents

Question 2

the ability to affect certain proteins or enzyme systems used only by the infecting organism but not by human
cells.

Answer 2

Selective Toxicity

Question 3

Vary in effectiveness against invading
organisms

Answer 3

SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY

Question 4

Cause cell death

Answer 4

BACTERICIDAL

Question 5

Interfere with the ability of the cells to
reproduce or divide

Answer 5

BACTERIOSTATIC

Question 6

Involves a complex interaction
among chemical mediators,
leukocytes, lymphocytes,
antibodies, and locally released
enzymes and chemicals

Answer 6

HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 7

Reasons for incapability of the
immune system to deal with
invading organisms:

Answer 7

1. antiinfective drugs cannot
   totally eliminate the pathogen
   without causing severe toxicity
   to the host.
2. These patients do not have
   the inflammatory or immune
   response in place to deal with
   with even a few invading
   organisms

Question 8

can be natural or acquired and
refers to the ability over time to
adapt to an antiinfective drug
and produce cells that are no
longer affected by a particular
drug.

Answer 8

RESISTANCE

Question 8

Ways to Acquire Resistance:

Answer 8

Producing an enzyme that deactivates
the antimicrobial drug.

Altering binding sites on the
membranes or ribosomes, which then
no Longer accept the drug.

Changing cellular permeability to
prevent the drug from entering the
cell or altering transport systems to
exclude the drug from active
transport into the cell.

Producing a chemical that acts as an
antagonist to the drug

Question 9

Ways to prevent resistance

Answer 9

Drug dosing is important in preventing
the development of resistance.

Healthcare providers should also be
cautious about the indiscriminate use
of antiinfectives.

limit the use of antimicrobial agents
to the treatment of specific pathogens
known to be sensitive to the drug
being used.

Question 10

treatment of infections
before they occur

Answer 10

Prophylaxis

Question 11

ADVERSE REACTIONS TO ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY

Answer 11

KIDNEY DAMAGE
GASTROINTESTINAL
TOXICITY
HYPERSENCITIVITY
REACTIONS SUPERINFECTIONS
NEUROTOXICITY

Question 12

Occurs more frequently with drugs that are metabolized by the kidney
and then eliminated in the urine

Answer 12

Kidney Damage

Question 12

• Many anti-infective agents have direct toxic effects on the cells
  lining the GI tract, causing nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, or
  diarrhea and such effects are sometimes severe

Answer 12

GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY

Question 13

Some antiinfectives can damage or interfere with the function of
nerve tissue, usually in areas where drugs tend to accumulate in
high concentrations.

Answer 13

NEUROTOXICITY

Question 14

Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions reportedly occur with many
antimicrobial agents. Most of these agents, which are protein
bound for transfer through the cardiovascular system, are able to
induce antibody formation in susceptible people.

Answer 14

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

Question 15

One offshoot of the use of anti-infectives, especially broadspectrum anti-infectives, is destruction of the normal flora.

Answer 15

Superinfections

Question 16

• are infections that occur when opportunistic pathogens that were
  kept in check by the “normal” flora bacteria have the opportunity
  to invade tissues

Answer 16

Superinfections

Question 17

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

Answer 17

Antibiotics

Question 18

How are Antibiotics made?

Answer 18

Living microorganisms
Synthetic manufacture,
Genetic engineering