Chemo Flashcards
cancer is the ____ leading cause of death in the US
second
many causes of cancer are mediated by the environment and lifestyle of a person such as:
smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption
what is neoplasia and describe it
- process of altered cell differentiation and growth
- uncoordinated
- autonomous
- lacks regulatory control
what is a neoplasm
- new growth
- “tumor”
what is cancer
disease resulting from altered cell differentiation and growth
normal tissue renewal and repair involves what 2 components:
- proliferation
- differentiation
cell cycle is an orderly chain of events:
- duplicate contents and divide
- genetic information is distributed to daughter cells
- checkpoints for pauses or arrests in proliferation
what is a hallmark characteristic of cancer cells
abnormal and rapid proliferation
what happens in cell differentiation
- proliferating cells become progressively more specialized
- cells have a specific set of structural, functional and life expectancy characteristics
- as cells differentiate, their capacity for proliferation diminishes
- undifferentiated cells are hallmark characteristic of cancer cells
what makes cell growth lead to cancer
unchecked growth that progresses toward limitless expansion
- abnormal and rapid proliferation
- loss of differentiation: anaplasia
- causation- genetic and external
what is a carcinoma
arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces such as lung, pancreatic, breast and colon cancer
what is a sarcoma
arise from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle
what is a lymphoma
arise in lymph nodes and tissues of the bodys immune system
what is leukemia
cancers of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow
how is invasion done by cells in solid tumors
secrete enzymes that break down proteins and contribute to infiltration, invasion, and penetrate of surrounding tissues
is complete surgical removal easy
no
cancer cells may travel and_______ where they ______
“seed” into different body cavities; can proliferate and cause tumor growth (metastasis)
describe cancer cells spreading
- blood vessel and lymphatic spread
- finely orchestrated, selected cells only
- angiogenesis
______ of breast cancer patients develop bone metastases
70%
what is the recommendation for current breast cancer treatment for postmenopausal women who receive chemotherapy after surgery for early stage breast cancer with a high risk of recurrence
bisphosphonates
bisphosphonates are also recommended for:
management of bone disease for most patients with solid tumors
what are bisphosphonates used for in cancer
- bone health maintenance
- reduce bone pain due to hypercalcemia
- reduction of bone metastasis (breast and prostate cancer)
_____ of prostate cancer patients develop bone metastases
70%
_______ of other common solid cancers develop bone metastases
15-30%