Chemistry Test 5 Flashcards
1
Q
highly specialized type of protein…
A
enzymes
2
Q
enzymes function primarily as ________
A
organic catalysts
3
Q
agents which may alter chemical reactions without itself being permanently changed.
A
catalyst
4
Q
naming of enzymes
A
nomeclature
5
Q
compound or type of compound upon which an enzyme works
A
substrate
6
Q
most enzymes are named by adding ______ to the root of the name of the ___________
A
ASE
Substrate
7
Q
two general classes of enzymes
A
- proteases
2. lipasses
8
Q
enzymes which breakdown proteins
A
proteases
9
Q
enzymes which breakdown lipids
A
lipases
10
Q
those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains generally are ___________ & __________ in nature…
A
Proteolytic & Hydrolytic
11
Q
dissolves protein
A
proteolytic
12
Q
mediate hydrolysis reaction
A
hydrolytic
13
Q
two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts
A
- saprophytic bacteria
2. lysosomes
14
Q
a unique characteristic of lysosomes
A
autolysis
15
Q
self-cell digestion (a unique characteristic of lysosomes’s ability to digest surrounding cellular substances) is referred to as…
A
autolysis
16
Q
carbohydrates are composed of ______, ______, and _________
A
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
17
Q
carbohydrates are structurally ______ and ______ derivatives of _____ alcohols
A
aldehyde
ketone
polyhydroxy
18
Q
carbohydrates will have at least ______ OH groups since they are polyhydroxy alcohols.
A
4
19
Q
note…
A
This definition has 3 important aspects: Carbs
1) It designates what elements are present in carbohydrates.
2) It indicates to expect either the aldehyde or keytone group.
3) It indicates the alcohol’s functional group is present. ( OH Hydroxy)
20
Q
carbohydrates are classified into what 3 groups?
A
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
21
Q
simple sugars which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate molecules.
A
monosaccharides
22
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose
Fructose
Hexose
23
Q
any substance ending in OSE is a…
A
sugar
24
Q
normal sugar of blood, it should be present in blood
A
glucose
25
molecular formula for glucouse
C6H12O6
26
glucose is a....
hexose & aldose
27
fruit sugar...a sugar derived from ketones.
fructose
28
fructose is a....
Hexose & Ketose
29
glucose and fructose occur...
freely in nature
30
sugar derived from alcohol
aldose
31
results from a reaction between the aldehyde or ketone functional group and an alcohol functional group within one sugar molecule
ketose
| or aldose
32
Monosaccharides by name that are based on the number of carbons.
```
Triose
Tetrose
Pentrose
Hexose
Heptose
```
33
Tetrose contains how many carbons?
4
34
heptose contains how many carbons?
7
35
triose contains how many carbons
3
36
hexose contains how many carbons?
6
37
pentrose contains how many carbons?
5
38
carbohydrates that can be hydrolyzed into 2 monosaccharides. Formed when 2 monosaccharides combine by splitting a molecule of water.
dissacharides
39
3 major dissaccharides
1. lactose
2. maltose
3. sucrose
40
malt sugar...
maltose
41
table sugar
sucrose
42
milk sugar
lactose
43
sugar found in germinating grains
maltose
44
type of sugar that derives from sugar cane/sugar beets
sucrose
45
the basis for lactic acid in milk
lactose
46
those carbohydrates which yield many (3 or more) monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.
Polysaccharides
47
examples of Polysaccharides
1. starch
2. glycogen (stored form of gylcose)
3. cellulose
48
breakdown of a compound into simpler units by addition of the components of water.
hydrolysis
49
monosaccharides DO NOT undergo...
hydrolysis
50
disaccharides upon hydrolysis form
monosaccharides
51
polysaccharides are first hydrolysis into ____________ then complete hydrolysis to yield _____________ which do not undergo hydrolysis
disaccharides
| monosaccharides
52
process by which carbohydrates decompose by enzymes is called....
fermentation
53
study of compounds produced by living organisms
biochemistry
54
biochemical compounds of major importance. Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and sometimes phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) and polymers of amino acids
proteins
55
compounds which contain two functional groups, the carboxyl group (COOH) and the Amino group (NH2).
amino acids
56
all amino acids have both the _______ group and the _____ group. Therefore, they too, may act as both ____ and ____.
carboxyl
amino
acids
bases
57
properties of amino acids
1. amphoteric
| 2. buffers
58
ability of any substance or any compound that can act as an acid or base.
amphoteric
59
group of chemicals who's purpose was to insure that regardless of what the pH was out of the body at the time of embalming, the pH will not adversely affect the embalming operation.
buffers
60
Any compounds that protects a solution against changes in pH
buffers
61
borax is a _____ used in embalming fluid
buffer
62
amino acids are joined together by ______________
peptide linkage
63
chain of amino acids joined together by peptide linkage
protein
64
glycine and alanine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a _____________
dipeptide
65
formed by joining two amino acids together.
dipeptide
66
the embalming process is nothing more than a series of __________ or ___________ to one another.
temporary bonds
| temporary cross-linking
67
Cross-linking results in the firmness of embalmed tissues and the most commonly used agent for this reaction is, of course, ____________
formaldehyde
68
decomposition of proteins either in putrefaction or decay
proteolysis
69
anaerobic decomposition of proteins brought about by the action of enzymes is called______________
putrefaction
70
putrefaction occurs faster than ______
decay
71
absorption of the liquid portion of blood by the surrounding tissue following death.
imbibition
72
decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria
decay
73
the 3 major chemical reactions involved in putrefaction
1. hydrolysis
2. deamination
3. decarboxylation
74
removal of the amino group from the amino acid; formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to produce Utropin.
deamination
75
urotropin is also known as...
hexamathylene tetraamine
76
the removal of the carboxyl group from an amino acid to yield carbon dioxide water and an amine.
decarboxylation
77
5 Final decomposition products are:
1. hydrocarbons
2. organic acids
3. amines NH2 and ammonia NH3
4. carbon dioxide
5. hydrogen sulfide- Sulfur
78
all encompassing term for fats and oils
lipids
79
function as the insulating layer of the body. (structural component in cell membranes and as storage as energy)
lipids
80
properties of lipids
1. soluble in organic solvents
2. same elements present as do sugars or carbs. (carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen)
3. insoluble in water
81
the __________ of lipids distinguishes them from carbohydrates
insolubility
82
fats are ______ or __________ at room temperature and contains a high percentage of ____________ fatty acids
solid
semi-solid
saturated
83
oils are ________ at room temperature and contains a high percentage of __________ fatty acids
liquid
| unsaturated
84
compounds who's products of hydrolysis are fatty acids and alcohols
simple lipids
85
types of decomposition only associated with FATS
1. adipocere
| 2. saponification
86
adipocere is...
grave wax
87
saponification is...
soap making
88
whether lipids is a fat or an oil depends on its ______________
physical state
89
physical properties of lipids
1. solubility & emulsification
| 2. Physical state (solid & liquid)
90
act of mixing two insoluble liquids
emulsification
91
measure of how well two substances mix
solubility
92
chemical changes of lipids
1. final products of hydrolysis
| 2. saponification
93
only associated with fats. A chemical property of lipids is when fatty acids or oils are boiled which is a process called....
saponification (soap making)
94
reaction between a fatty acid and strong base which produces glycerol and salt of a fatty acid
saponification
95
although the products of saponification are technically salts, commonly they are referred to as _______
soap
96
one of the interesting compounds to the embalmer associated with lipids is ___________
adipocere (grave wax)
97
white waxy material produced by saponification of body fat
adipocere
98
products of saponification
soap & glycerine
| adipocere
99
if a body is buried in ________ adipocere can be produced over a period of time.
alkaline soil
100
lipids formed from combo of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids with high molecular weight alcohols, other than glycerol
waxes
101
examples of waxes....
beeswax, carnuba, lanolin
102
a common name for any fat/oil is....
triglyceride
103
another way to define fats and oils....
esters of fatty acids and glycerol
104
those products of hydrolysis which result in fatty acids, an alcohol and other compounds
compound lipids
105
3 compound lipids...
1. glycolipids
2. sphingolipids
3. phosolipids
106
various steroids such as cholesterol hormones
miscellaneous lipids
107
miscellaneous lipids are also called...
derived lipids
108
3 miscellaneous lipids
1. terpenes
2. steroids
3. cholesterol
109
types of terpenes
menthol
| rubber
110
3 types of cholesterol
1. HDL
2. LDL
3. VLDL
111
HDL stands for...
good cholesterol
| HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
112
LDL stands for...
bad cholesterol
| LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
113
VLDL stands for
Very Low Density Lipoprotein
114
D stands for
density
115
L stands for
lipid
116
its carbonyl group is attached to an END carbon
aldehyde
117
its carbonyl group is attached to a NON END carbon
ketone
