Chemistry - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
EXAMPLE = M
Structure, General Formula and Example of Alkanes
Structure: Consist of only single bonds between carbon atoms.
General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
Example: Methane (CH₄)
EXAMPLE - E
Structure, General Formula and Example of Alkenes
Structure: Contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
General formula: CₙH₂ₙ
Example: Ethene (C₂H₄)
Bonding - Alkanes
Only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Bonding - Alkenes
Contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Reactions - Combustion
Alkanes
Burn in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Reactions - Combustion
Alkenes
Burn in excess oxygen but may produce carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, depending on conditions.
Reactions - Addition
Alkanes
Not reactive under normal conditions.
Reactions - Addition
Alkenes
Where atoms or groups of atoms are added across the double bond, e.g., hydrogenation, halogenation, and hydration.
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Typically colorless, odorless, and less dense than water. Boiling points increase with increasing atomic mass.
Physical Properties of Alkenes
Typically colorless, odorless, and less dense than water. Lower boiling points compared to alkanes.
Chemical Properties of Alkanes
Alkanes are less reactive than alkenes because they don’t have pi bonds.
What is a pi bond?
A pi bond is an extra connection between atoms in a molecule that adds stability.
Chemical Properties of Alkenes
More chemically reactive due to the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond.
Definition of Saturated Compounds
Molecules that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.
Example of a Saturated Compound
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.
Characteristics of a Saturated Compound
Saturated compounds tend to be more stable and less reactive compared to unsaturated compounds.
Definition of Unsaturated Compounds
Molecules that contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
Is alkanes or alkenes an example of unsaturated compounds?
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Characteristics of an Unsaturated Compound
Unsaturated compounds are typically more reactive than saturated compounds due to the presence of pi bonds.
Definition of General Formula
A formula that represents the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound.
General Formula of Alkanes
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
General formula for Alkenes
CₙH₂ₙ
Use of General Formulas
General formulas are used to predict the molecular formula of compounds based on their structure or vice versa.
Hydrocarbon
A compound consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are often more flammable and are the basis for many organic compounds.
METHANE: CH₄
Example of displayed formula
Methane: CH₄
H
|
H - C - H
|
H
Definition of displayed formula
A way of showing the arrangement of atom in a molecule by drawing out each atom and bonds between them.
Use of displayed formula
Displayed formulas help visualise the structure of molecules and show how atoms are bonded together
Definition of functional group
A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.
Hydrogenation
Alkene + Hydrogen –> Alkane
Hydration
Alkene + Water (steam) –> Alcohol
Hydrohalogenation
Alkene + Halogen –> Halogenoalkane
Poly(ethene)
A polymer made from a very large number of ethene molecules combined together.
Polymerisation Reaction
Reaction in which monomer molecules combine together to form larger polymer molecules.
Functional group for Alcohols
-OH
Formula for Methanol
CH3OH
Formula for Ethanol
C2H5OH
Formula for Proponal
C3H7OH
Formula for Butanol
C4H9OH
Functional group for Carboxylic acids
-COOH
Formula for Methanoic Acid
HCOOH
Formula for Ethanoic Acid
CH3COOH
Formula for Propanoic Acid
C2H5COOH
Formula for Butanoic Acid
C3H7COOH
Carboxilic Acids + Alcohols –>
Esters + Water
Functional Group for Esters
-COO-
ESTER EQUATION
Ethanol + Ethanoic Acid –> ? + Water
Ethyl Ethanoate
