Biology - Non-Communicable Disease

Question 1

Drug Sources

Answer 1

Traditionally, drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms

Question 2

Digitalis

Answer 2

The heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves

Question 3

Aspirin

Answer 3

The painkiller aspirin originates from willow

Question 4

Penicillin

Answer 4

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould

Question 5

Peer Review in Research

Answer 5

Results of testing and trials are published only after scrutiny by peer review to help prevent false claims

Question 6

How may different disease interact?

Answer 6

• Defects in the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
• Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers.
• Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma.
• Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.

Question 7

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 7

• Mouse lymphocytes stimulated to produce a specific antibody.
• Lymphocytes combined with a tumour cell to form hybridoma cells.
• Hybridoma cells both divide and make the antibody.
• Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same specific antibody.
• A large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified.

Question 8

What is specific to one binding site on one protein antigen?

Answer 8

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 9

Why are monoclonal antibodies specific to one binding site of one protein antigen?

Answer 9

They can target a specific chemical or type of cell in the body

Question 10

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Diagnosis

Answer 10

In pregnancy tests, a monoclonal antibody binds to the hormone hCG produced by the embryo

Question 11

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Laboratories

Answer 11

Monoclonal antibodies are used to measure the levels of hormones or other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens

Question 12

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Research

Answer 12

To locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them a fluorescent dye

Question 13

USES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Treating Diseases

Answer 13

For cancer a monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical, which stops cells growing and dividing