Chemistry In Everyday Life Flashcards
analgesics have pain killing effect/kill the growth of microorganisms
analgseics have pain killing effect
what are antagonists
drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists
antiseptics have pain killing effect/ kill the microorganisms
kill the microorganisms
what are agonists
drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor, these are called agonists
(mimicking is an agony)
what happens if hydrogen carbonate is taken in excessive amounts to battle acidity
the stomach becomes alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid
why are metal hydroxides a better alternative than hydrogen carbonates
metal carbonates being insoluble do not increase the pH above neutrality
whats the function of histamine
histamine stimulates the secretion of pepsin and HCl in the stomach
what drug was invented to prevent action with histamine and became largest selling drug
cimetidine(tegamet)
what was cimetidine replaced with?
ranitidine(zantac)
whats histamine’s function in nasal area
histamine contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi and gut and relaxes other muscles such as those in the walls of fine blood vessels
and also associated with common cold and allergic response to pollen
eg of anithistamines
brompheniramine(dimetapp) and terfenadine(seldane)
structure of histamine
structure of bromopheniramine
structure of terfenadine
why does the antihistamines no affect the secretion of acid in the stomach
because the antiallergic and antiacid drus work on different receptors
what is noradrenaline
noradrenaline is one of the neurotransmitters that plays a role in mood changes
what happens if the level of nordranaline is low and what kind of drus is required here
the signal sending activity becomes low and the person suffers from depression
antidepressant drugs are required
eg of anidepressants
iproniazid and phenelzine
mild tranquilizer eg for relieving tension
meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide
drugs used ins controlling depression and hypertension
equanil
what do barbituaries do?
barbituaries are hypnotic , induces sleep
eg of non narcotic analgesics
paracetamol and aspirin
what other effects does paracetamol and aspirin has? and what does that effect doing drugs are called
reducing fever and reduces platelets
antipyretic(reducing fever)
what is used in preventino of heart attacks and why?
aspirin is used because of its blood clotting actions
eg of addictive analgesics
morphine,codeine,heroin
from where are morpines obtained
opium
where are usually addictive analgesics used?
cardiac pain,terminal cancer and in child birth
what was developed for the treatment of syphilis
arsphenamine also known as salvarsan
whats the first effective antibacterial agent
prontosil which is a little similar to salvarsan in structure
to what is prontosil converted to in the body
sulphanilamide which is the real active compound
bactericidal antibiotics eg
penicillin
aminoglycosides
ofloxacin
PAO
bacteriostatic antibiotic eg
erythromycin
tetracycline
cholramphenicol
ETC
what is used to fight typhoid, dysntery,acute fever and some urinary enfections
chloramphenicol
antibiotic toxic towards cancer cells
dysiderazirine
eg of antiseptics
furacine, soframacine,dettol
dettol is made of
choloxylenol and terpineol
what is added to spads to inpart antiseptic
bithional
whats tincture of iodine
2-3% iodine in alchool water micture
iodoform is a antiseptic for wounds! true/false
true
weak antiseptic for eyes is
boric acid in dilute aqueous solutions
disinfectant eg
phenol(0.2%)
cholrine(0.2-0.4 ppm)
sulphur dioxide in very low concetration
what does birth control pills essecitally contains
musciture of syntheti estrogen and prosesterone detivaties
what does progesterone do?
suppressse ovulation
eg of synthtic progesterone
norethindrone
estrogen derivative used with progesterone
novestrol(ethynylestradiol)
structure of morphine
structure of heroin
structure of codiene
structure of salvarsan
structure of penicillin
structure of chloramphenicol
structure of novestrol
structure of norethindrone
aspartame is ___ times sqweet as cane sugar and where is it usually used
100 times sweet
usually used to cold foods and soft drinks since its unstable at cooking temperature
aspartame is ___ times sqweet as cane sugar and where is it usually used
100 times sweet
usually used to cold foods and soft drinks since its unstable at cooking temperature
saccharine is ___ time ssweet as cane sugar
500
sucralose is ___ times more sweet than cane sugar and does it rovides calories
600 times more sweet and no doenst provides calories
alitame struture
aspartame structure
structure of sacharin
alitame is ___ times more sweet than cane sugar
2000
what is used as a food preservative
salt,sugar, sodium benzoate(C6H5COONa)
anti oxidatns eg
BHA(butylated hydroxy anisol)
BHT(butylated hydroxy toluene)
antioxidants used in beer/wine
SO2 and sulphite
what is used in butter as anti oxidants
BHA
which type of drug reduces fever?
antipyretic drug
what does anti histamines do?
anti histamine drug has inhibitory action on histamine
furacine acts as
antiseptic
dimetone acts as?
synthetic histamine
valium acts as?
tranquilzer
what does allosteric inhibitor does?
allosteric inhibitor changes the enzymes’s active site
what are the functions of antihistamines
antacid and anti allergic
novestrol can react with FeCl3
true or false
true
what is a progesterone derivative?
norethindrone
ofloxin behaves as?
antibiotic
phenelzine structure
chloroxylenol structure
whats the reason for drug induced poisoning?
binding irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme
aminoglycosides are usually used as?
antibiotic
eg of anionic detergent
sodium lauryl sulphate
eg of cationic detergent
cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
sulphonamides acts as ?
antimicrobials
aspirin characteristics
it is effective in relieving drug
it is a neurological active drug
it has anti-blood clotting action
diiphenydramine is used as
antihistamine
aspiring structure and name
acetyl salicylic acid
sulphonamide drug structure
cemitidine structure
ranitidine structure
sulphanilamide structure
prontosil structure
sulphapyridine structure
terpeniol structure
bithional structure
whats chemotherapy?
use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy
what are the structural parts of cell membrane
lipids and carbohydrates
aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as?
Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain
What are the derivatives of barbiturates?
and are barbiturates hypnotic?
Derivatives of barbituric acid viz., veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal and seconal constitute an important class of tranquilizers
yep they are hypnotic (sleep-producing agents)
aspirin is used for which disease?
arthritis
valium and serotonin are ?!
tranquilizers
which bacteria causes syphilis?
spirochete
the only narrow spectrum antibiotic is?
penicillin G
vancomycin is?
a broad spectrum antibiotic
how to make antiseptic and disinfectant from phenol?
0.2 percent solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant
concentration for chlorine to be a disinfectant
Chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous solution and sulphur dioxide in very low concentrations are disinfectants.
what suppresses ovulation?
It is known that progesterone suppresses ovulation
What’s norethindrone and novestrol?!
Norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone derivative most widely used as antifertility drug. The estrogen derivative which is used in combination with progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).
what was the first popular artificial sweetener?
saccharine
What’s excreted from the boy unchanged!?
saccharin
What’s added with BHT and BHA to be more effective?
citric acid
what do soaps used for cleaning consist of?
Soaps used for cleaning purposes are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids, e.g., stearic, oleic and palmitic acids
how are soaps containing sodium salts formed?
Soaps containing sodium salts are
formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification
esters of fatty acids are _______ and the soap obtained remains in _____ form
how is that soap precipitated?
and what does the solution then contains?
esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed and the soap obtained remains in colloidal form. It is precipitated from the solution by adding sodium chloride. The solution left after removing the soap contains glycerol, which can be recovered by fractional distillation.
why are only potassium and sodium soaps used?
Only sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water and are used for cleaning purposes.
generally which soap is softer to the skin? pottasium or sodium
Generally, potassium soaps are soft to the skin than sodium soaps.
generally which soap is softer to the skin? pottasium or sodium
Generally, potassium soaps are soft to the skin than sodium soaps.
how are toilet soaps made?
Toilet soaps are prepared by using better grades of fats and oils and care is taken to remove excess alkali.
Transparent soaps are made by solvent.?!
Transparent soaps are made by dissolving the soap in ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent.
what do shaving soaps contain and why?
Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying. A gum called, rosin is added while making them. It forms sodium rosinate which lathers well
Laundry soaps contain
Laundry soaps contain fillers like sodium rosinate, sodium silicate, borax and sodium carbonate.
Soap powders and scouring soaps contain
Soap powders and scouring soaps contain some soap, a scouring agent (abrasive) such as powdered pumice or finely divided sand, and builders like sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate
why are scums a hindrance to good washing
these are hinderance to good washing, because the precipitate adheres onto the fibre of the cloth as gummy mass. Hair washed with hard water looks dull because of this sticky
precipitate. Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water, because of this gummy mass
what is an anionic detergent? and how are they formed?
Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. Alkyl hydrogensulphates formed by treating long chain alcohols with concentrated sulphuric acid are neutralised with alkali to form anionic detergents
What’s involved in anionic detergents for cleansing actions?
the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.
anionic detergents are used in toothpaste
true or false
true
whats cationic detergents?
Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions
Cationic part possess a
Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom
What’s used in hair conditioners?
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
formation of anionic detergents reactions
non-ionic detergent formation reaction eg
eg of non ionic detergent
Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type
how does the non ionic detegents work?
Mechanism of cleansing action of this type of detergents is the same as that of soaps. These also remove grease and oil by micelle formation.
whats the main problem with the use of detergents
The main problem that appears in the use of detergents is that if their hydrocarbon chain is highly branched, then bacteria cannot degrade this easily
