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Organic Chemistry > Chemistry In Everyday Life > Flashcards

Chemistry In Everyday Life Flashcards

1
Q

analgesics have pain killing effect/kill the growth of microorganisms

A

analgseics have pain killing effect

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2
Q

what are antagonists

A

drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists

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3
Q

antiseptics have pain killing effect/ kill the microorganisms

A

kill the microorganisms

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4
Q

what are agonists

A

drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor, these are called agonists

(mimicking is an agony)

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5
Q

what happens if hydrogen carbonate is taken in excessive amounts to battle acidity

A

the stomach becomes alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid

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6
Q

why are metal hydroxides a better alternative than hydrogen carbonates

A

metal carbonates being insoluble do not increase the pH above neutrality

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7
Q

whats the function of histamine

A

histamine stimulates the secretion of pepsin and HCl in the stomach

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8
Q

what drug was invented to prevent action with histamine and became largest selling drug

A

cimetidine(tegamet)

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9
Q

what was cimetidine replaced with?

A

ranitidine(zantac)

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10
Q

whats histamine’s function in nasal area

A

histamine contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi and gut and relaxes other muscles such as those in the walls of fine blood vessels
and also associated with common cold and allergic response to pollen

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11
Q

eg of anithistamines

A

brompheniramine(dimetapp) and terfenadine(seldane)

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12
Q

structure of histamine

A
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13
Q

structure of bromopheniramine

A
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14
Q

structure of terfenadine

A
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15
Q

why does the antihistamines no affect the secretion of acid in the stomach

A

because the antiallergic and antiacid drus work on different receptors

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16
Q

what is noradrenaline

A

noradrenaline is one of the neurotransmitters that plays a role in mood changes

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17
Q

what happens if the level of nordranaline is low and what kind of drus is required here

A

the signal sending activity becomes low and the person suffers from depression

antidepressant drugs are required

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18
Q

eg of anidepressants

A

iproniazid and phenelzine

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19
Q

mild tranquilizer eg for relieving tension

A

meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide

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20
Q

drugs used ins controlling depression and hypertension

A

equanil

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21
Q

what do barbituaries do?

A

barbituaries are hypnotic , induces sleep

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22
Q

eg of non narcotic analgesics

A

paracetamol and aspirin

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23
Q

what other effects does paracetamol and aspirin has? and what does that effect doing drugs are called

A

reducing fever and reduces platelets

antipyretic(reducing fever)

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24
Q

what is used in preventino of heart attacks and why?

A

aspirin is used because of its blood clotting actions

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25
Q

eg of addictive analgesics

A

morphine,codeine,heroin

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26
Q

from where are morpines obtained

A

opium

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27
Q

where are usually addictive analgesics used?

A

cardiac pain,terminal cancer and in child birth

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28
Q

what was developed for the treatment of syphilis

A

arsphenamine also known as salvarsan

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29
Q

whats the first effective antibacterial agent

A

prontosil which is a little similar to salvarsan in structure

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30
Q

to what is prontosil converted to in the body

A

sulphanilamide which is the real active compound

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31
Q

bactericidal antibiotics eg

A

penicillin
aminoglycosides
ofloxacin

PAO

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32
Q

bacteriostatic antibiotic eg

A

erythromycin
tetracycline
cholramphenicol

ETC

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33
Q

what is used to fight typhoid, dysntery,acute fever and some urinary enfections

A

chloramphenicol

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34
Q

antibiotic toxic towards cancer cells

A

dysiderazirine

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35
Q

eg of antiseptics

A

furacine, soframacine,dettol

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36
Q

dettol is made of

A

choloxylenol and terpineol

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37
Q

what is added to spads to inpart antiseptic

A

bithional

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38
Q

whats tincture of iodine

A

2-3% iodine in alchool water micture

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39
Q

iodoform is a antiseptic for wounds! true/false

A

true

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40
Q

weak antiseptic for eyes is

A

boric acid in dilute aqueous solutions

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41
Q

disinfectant eg

A

phenol(0.2%)
cholrine(0.2-0.4 ppm)
sulphur dioxide in very low concetration

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42
Q

what does birth control pills essecitally contains

A

musciture of syntheti estrogen and prosesterone detivaties

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43
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

suppressse ovulation

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44
Q

eg of synthtic progesterone

A

norethindrone

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45
Q

estrogen derivative used with progesterone

A

novestrol(ethynylestradiol)

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46
Q

structure of morphine

A
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47
Q

structure of heroin

A
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48
Q

structure of codiene

A
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49
Q

structure of salvarsan

A
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50
Q

structure of penicillin

A
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51
Q

structure of chloramphenicol

A
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52
Q

structure of novestrol

A
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53
Q

structure of norethindrone

A
54
Q

aspartame is ___ times sqweet as cane sugar and where is it usually used

A

100 times sweet

usually used to cold foods and soft drinks since its unstable at cooking temperature

55
Q

aspartame is ___ times sqweet as cane sugar and where is it usually used

A

100 times sweet

usually used to cold foods and soft drinks since its unstable at cooking temperature

56
Q

saccharine is ___ time ssweet as cane sugar

A

500

57
Q

sucralose is ___ times more sweet than cane sugar and does it rovides calories

A

600 times more sweet and no doenst provides calories

58
Q

alitame struture

A
59
Q

aspartame structure

A
60
Q

structure of sacharin

A
61
Q

alitame is ___ times more sweet than cane sugar

A

2000

62
Q

what is used as a food preservative

A

salt,sugar, sodium benzoate(C6H5COONa)

63
Q

anti oxidatns eg

A

BHA(butylated hydroxy anisol)

BHT(butylated hydroxy toluene)

64
Q

antioxidants used in beer/wine

A

SO2 and sulphite

65
Q

what is used in butter as anti oxidants

A

BHA

66
Q

which type of drug reduces fever?

A

antipyretic drug

67
Q

what does anti histamines do?

A

anti histamine drug has inhibitory action on histamine

68
Q

furacine acts as

A

antiseptic

69
Q

dimetone acts as?

A

synthetic histamine

70
Q

valium acts as?

A

tranquilzer

71
Q

what does allosteric inhibitor does?

A

allosteric inhibitor changes the enzymes’s active site

72
Q

what are the functions of antihistamines

A

antacid and anti allergic

73
Q

novestrol can react with FeCl3

true or false

A

true

74
Q

what is a progesterone derivative?

A

norethindrone

75
Q

ofloxin behaves as?

A

antibiotic

76
Q

phenelzine structure

A
77
Q

chloroxylenol structure

A
78
Q

whats the reason for drug induced poisoning?

A

binding irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme

79
Q

aminoglycosides are usually used as?

A

antibiotic

80
Q

eg of anionic detergent

A

sodium lauryl sulphate

81
Q

eg of cationic detergent

A

cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide

82
Q

sulphonamides acts as ?

A

antimicrobials

83
Q

aspirin characteristics

A

it is effective in relieving drug

it is a neurological active drug

it has anti-blood clotting action

84
Q

diiphenydramine is used as

A

antihistamine

85
Q

aspiring structure and name

A

acetyl salicylic acid

86
Q

sulphonamide drug structure

A
87
Q

cemitidine structure

A
88
Q

ranitidine structure

A
89
Q

sulphanilamide structure

A
90
Q

prontosil structure

A
91
Q

sulphapyridine structure

A
92
Q

terpeniol structure

A
93
Q

bithional structure

A
94
Q

whats chemotherapy?

A

use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy

95
Q

what are the structural parts of cell membrane

A

lipids and carbohydrates

96
Q

aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as?

A

Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain

97
Q

What are the derivatives of barbiturates?

and are barbiturates hypnotic?

A 
Derivatives of barbituric acid viz., veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal
and seconal constitute an important class of tranquilizers

yep they are hypnotic (sleep-producing agents)

98
Q

aspirin is used for which disease?

A

arthritis

99
Q

valium and serotonin are ?!

A

tranquilizers

100
Q

which bacteria causes syphilis?

A

spirochete

101
Q

the only narrow spectrum antibiotic is?

A

penicillin G

102
Q

vancomycin is?

A

a broad spectrum antibiotic

103
Q

how to make antiseptic and disinfectant from phenol?

A

0.2 percent solution of phenol is an antiseptic while its one percent solution is disinfectant

104
Q

concentration for chlorine to be a disinfectant

A

Chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous solution and sulphur dioxide in very low concentrations are disinfectants.

105
Q

what suppresses ovulation?

A

It is known that progesterone suppresses ovulation

106
Q

What’s norethindrone and novestrol?!

A

Norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone derivative most widely used as antifertility drug. The estrogen derivative which is used in combination with progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).

107
Q

what was the first popular artificial sweetener?

A

saccharine

108
Q

What’s excreted from the boy unchanged!?

A

saccharin

109
Q

What’s added with BHT and BHA to be more effective?

A

citric acid

110
Q

what do soaps used for cleaning consist of?

A

Soaps used for cleaning purposes are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids, e.g., stearic, oleic and palmitic acids

111
Q

how are soaps containing sodium salts formed?

A

Soaps containing sodium salts are
formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification

112
Q

esters of fatty acids are _______ and the soap obtained remains in _____ form

how is that soap precipitated?
and what does the solution then contains?

A

esters of fatty acids are hydrolysed and the soap obtained remains in colloidal form. It is precipitated from the solution by adding sodium chloride. The solution left after removing the soap contains glycerol, which can be recovered by fractional distillation.

113
Q

why are only potassium and sodium soaps used?

A

Only sodium and potassium soaps are soluble in water and are used for cleaning purposes.

114
Q

generally which soap is softer to the skin? pottasium or sodium

A

Generally, potassium soaps are soft to the skin than sodium soaps.

114
Q

generally which soap is softer to the skin? pottasium or sodium

A

Generally, potassium soaps are soft to the skin than sodium soaps.

115
Q

how are toilet soaps made?

A

Toilet soaps are prepared by using better grades of fats and oils and care is taken to remove excess alkali.

116
Q

Transparent soaps are made by solvent.?!

A

Transparent soaps are made by dissolving the soap in ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent.

117
Q

what do shaving soaps contain and why?

A

Shaving soaps contain glycerol to prevent rapid drying. A gum called, rosin is added while making them. It forms sodium rosinate which lathers well

118
Q

Laundry soaps contain

A

Laundry soaps contain fillers like sodium rosinate, sodium silicate, borax and sodium carbonate.

119
Q

Soap powders and scouring soaps contain

A

Soap powders and scouring soaps contain some soap, a scouring agent (abrasive) such as powdered pumice or finely divided sand, and builders like sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate

120
Q

why are scums a hindrance to good washing

A

these are hinderance to good washing, because the precipitate adheres onto the fibre of the cloth as gummy mass. Hair washed with hard water looks dull because of this sticky
precipitate. Dye does not absorb evenly on cloth washed with soap using hard water, because of this gummy mass

121
Q

what is an anionic detergent? and how are they formed?

A

Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. Alkyl hydrogensulphates formed by treating long chain alcohols with concentrated sulphuric acid are neutralised with alkali to form anionic detergents

122
Q

What’s involved in anionic detergents for cleansing actions?

A

the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.

123
Q

anionic detergents are used in toothpaste

true or false

A

true

124
Q

whats cationic detergents?

A

Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions

125
Q

Cationic part possess a

A

Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom

126
Q

What’s used in hair conditioners?

A

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

127
Q

formation of anionic detergents reactions

A
128
Q

non-ionic detergent formation reaction eg

A
129
Q

eg of non ionic detergent

A

Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type

130
Q

how does the non ionic detegents work?

A

Mechanism of cleansing action of this type of detergents is the same as that of soaps. These also remove grease and oil by micelle formation.

131
Q

whats the main problem with the use of detergents

A

The main problem that appears in the use of detergents is that if their hydrocarbon chain is highly branched, then bacteria cannot degrade this easily

Organic Chemistry (10 decks)

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