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Science Section > Chemistry - Glossary > Flashcards

Chemistry - Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

a substance that yields hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution

A

acids

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2
Q

a wax-like material produced by saponification of body fat in a body buried in alkaline soil

A

adipocere / gravewax

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3
Q

an organic compound containing one or more -CHO groups

A

aldehyde

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4
Q

an organic compound containing nitrogen; any compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic radicals; the general formula for the primary ____ is R-NH2

A

amines

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5
Q

the building blocks of proteins; a compound containing an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to an alpha carbon and a radical

A

amino acid

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6
Q

any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in solution

A

amphoteric

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7
Q

chemicals used to keep the blood in the liquid state; chemical agents that retard the tendency of the blood to become more viscous by natural post mortem processes and/or prevent other adverse reactions between the blood and the other embalming chemicals

A

anticoagulants

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8
Q

the concentrated, preservative embalming chemicals that will be diluted with water (or another appropriate vehicle such as alcohol) to form the arterial solution for injection into the arterial (vascular) system during vascular (arterial) embalming

A

arterial (vascular) fluid

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9
Q

the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of the element

A

atom

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10
Q

self-digestion or self-destruction of the body by autolytic enzymes

A

autolysis

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11
Q

those chemicals specifically designed for use in the preparation of bodies following an autopsy

A

autopsy chemicals

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12
Q

a substance that yields hydroxide ions in aqueous solution

A

bases

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13
Q

that branch of chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms

A

biochemistry

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14
Q

the rapid passage of liquid particles to the vapor state by forming bubbles through the action of heat; the term for the point of equilibrium between the liquid and gas states of matter and typically employed when the temperature is increasing

A

boiling

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15
Q

substances that in solution are capable of neutralizing, within limits, both acids and bases and thereby maintaining the original, or constant pH, of the solution

A

buffers

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16
Q

a compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxyl alcohol (sugars, starches, and glycogen)

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

a chemical group composed of one carbon atom double bonded to oxygen

A

carbonyl group

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18
Q

concentrated embalming chemicals which are injected into the cavities of the body following aspiration in cavity embalming; these fluids can also be used for surface and hypodermic embalming of the problem areas

A

cavity fluid

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19
Q

a change in which a new substance or substances are produced that have entirely different properties from the composition has changed

A

chemical changes

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20
Q

characteristics that can be observed when a substance is interacting with other substances resulting in a change of chemical composition

A

chemical properties

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21
Q

the branch of natural science that is concerned with the description and classification of matter, with the changes that matter undergoes, and with the energy associated with each of these changes

A

chemistry

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22
Q

the process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or by contract with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde

A

coagulation

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23
Q

a solution-like system in which the size of the solute particle is between 1 and 100 nanometers; particles of solute pass through filters but not membranes

A

colloid

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24
Q

the rapid oxidation or burning that produces heat and light

A

combustion

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25
Q

a substance consisting of two or more atoms combined chemically in definite proportions by mass

A

compounds

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26
Q

a solution containing a relatively large amount of solute

A

concentrated solution

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27
Q

a ratio of mass or volume of a solute to the mass or volume of the solution or solvent

A

concentrations

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28
Q

a change of state of matter from a gas to a liquid

A

condensation

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29
Q

the process by which a substance is given definite form

A

crystallization

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30
Q

the gradual decomposition of dead organic matter by the enzymes of aerobic bacteria

A

decay

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31
Q

the removal of water from a substance; generally used to indicate the natural loss of water, and the term is used when a substance is intentionally caused to lose water

A

dehydration / desiccation

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32
Q

the disruption and breakdown of the secondary structures of a protein by heat or chemicals

A

denaturation

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33
Q

chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant one

A

deodorants

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34
Q

an organic compound containing two aldehyde (-CHO) radicals

A

dialdehyde

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35
Q

the movement of molecules or other particles in solution from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached

A

diffusion

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36
Q

a solution containing relatively small amount of solute

A

dilute solution

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37
Q

a natural or synthetic compound that is used to impart color to another material

A

dyes

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38
Q

a simple substance which cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means

A

elements

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39
Q

the study of those types of matter and changes in matter related to the disinfection and preservation of human remains

A

embalming chemistry

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40
Q

the fluids specifically designed for preservation and disinfection purposes

A

embalming fluids

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41
Q

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst

A

enzyme

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42
Q

a compound with the general formula RCOOR’ (where R is a hydrocarbon group or a hydrogen and R’ is a hydrocarbon group); it is formed from an alcohol and organic (or carboxylic) acid by removal of water (dehydration)

A

ester

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43
Q

a common name for a triacylglycerol that is a semisolid or solid at room temperature and contains a high percentage of saturated fatty acids

A

fats

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44
Q

the microbial (enzymatic) decomposition of a carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions

A

fermentation

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45
Q

formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at 37% by weight and 40% by volume

A

formalin

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46
Q

that amount of formaldehyde necessary to overcome any nitrogen residue and caused the body proteins to become coagulated

A

formaldehyde demand (glutaraldehyde demand)

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47
Q

a change of state of matter from a liquid to a solid by the loss of heat; the term for the point of equilibrium b between the solid and liquid states and typically employed when the temperature is decreasing

A

freezing

48
Q

a state of matter in which the atoms or molecules move about in almost complete freedom from one another; have no definite shape or volume and assume the shape and volume of their container by diffusing uniformly throughout the container

A

gases

49
Q

the condition of water that results from dissolved minerals and metallic ions such as calcium and magnesium

A

hardness of water

50
Q

chemicals that increase the capability of embalmed tissues to retain moisture

A

humectants

51
Q

a compound in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystalize

A

hydrates

52
Q

a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water; a reaction between a salt and water to yield an acid and a base of unequal strengths

A

hydrolysis

53
Q

a solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared

A

hypertonic solution

54
Q

a solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared

A

hypotonic solution

55
Q

the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources

A

imbibition

56
Q

the strength of embalming fluids indicated by the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of solution; usually refers to a percentage

A

index

57
Q

that branch of chemistry that studies the properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon-containing compounds

A

inorganic chemistry

58
Q

an atomic or molecular species with a positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge; an atom of an element or a group of atoms acting as one unit that has lost or gained an electron or electrons and exhibits a charge

A

ion

59
Q

a solution having an equal concentration of dissolved solute as the solution to which it is compared

A

isotonic solution

60
Q

any class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl group * (C=O) group whose carbon atom is joined to two other carbon atoms; the carbonyl group occurs with the carbon chain

A

ketones

61
Q

the amount of a poison (or radiation) that will kill 50% of the group to which it has been administered

A

lethal dose 50% (LD50)

62
Q

a substance that flows readily but does not tend to expand indefinitely

A

liquids

63
Q

anything that has mass and occupies space

A

matter

64
Q

the change in state from a solid to a liquid

A

melting

65
Q

an element marked by luster, malleability, ductility, and conductivity of electricity and heat; these elements tend to form positive ions

A

metal

66
Q

a combination of two or more substances not chemically united and NOT in definite proportion by mass

A

mixtures

67
Q

the smallest does of a poison (or radiation) on record that produces death

A

minimum lethal dose (MLD)

68
Q

chemicals for which there may be greatly varying demands predicated upon the type of embalming, the environment and the arterial fluid to be used

A

modifying agents

69
Q

the smallest unit of a compound which can exist alone; an aggregation of atoms, specifically a chemical of two or more atoms which for a specific chemical substance

A

molecule

70
Q

the reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water

A

neutralization

71
Q

any element that is not a metal; tend to form negative ions

A

nonmetal

72
Q

a common name for a triacylglycerol that is a liquid at room temperature and contains a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids

A

oils

73
Q

that branch of chemistry that deals with certain carbon-containing compounds

A

organic chemistry

74
Q

the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules but it is permeable to the solvent

A

osmosis

75
Q

a compound consisting of oxygen combined with only one other element

A

oxides

76
Q

a method of expressing low concentrations

A

parts per million (ppm)

77
Q

a bond formed from a dehydration reaction between the amino group on one amino acid with the carboxyl (organic acid) group on the other amino acid

A

peptide bond

78
Q

the tabular arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number; this arrangement allows the columns of elements to represent the periodic recurrence of similar properties

A

periodic table

79
Q

a change in the form or state of matter without any change in chemical composition

A

physical changes

80
Q

properties of a substance that are observed without a change in chemical composition, which include color, odor, taste, solubility, density, hardness, melting point, and boiling point

A

physical properties

81
Q

any substance that imperils health or life when absorbed into the body

A

poison

82
Q

the linking together of monomers or basic chemical units to form a polymer

A

polymerization

83
Q

fluids designed to clear the vascular system of blood and enable the arterial solution to distribute with greater facility

A

pre-injection fluids / primary injection / capillary wash

84
Q

components of embalming solutions used to inactivate the active chemical groups of proteins and amino acids; to inhibit decomposition; to kill microorganisms; destroy odors and eliminate their further formation; and to inactivate enzymes

A

preservatives

85
Q

the first or initial injection, may or may not contain preservatives

A

primary injection / pre-injection

86
Q

characteristics by which substances may be identified

A

properties

87
Q

a biological component that is a polymer of many amino acids

A

protein

88
Q

the decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria

A

putrefaction

89
Q

surface-active agents that are generally used for disinfection of skin, oral, and nasal cavities, as well as instruments

A

quaternary ammonium compounds

90
Q

supplemental fluids that may enhance arterial fluids by the addition of special chemicals such as humectants

A

restorative fluids

91
Q

any group of substances that result form the reaction between acids and bases other than water

A

salts

92
Q

the reaction between a fat and a strong base to produce glycerol and the salt of a fatty acid (soap)

A

saponification

93
Q

a solution containing all of the solute the solvent is able to hold at a certain temperature and pressure

A

saturated solution

94
Q

that injection taking place after the primary injection (first injection or pre-injection)

A

secondary injection

95
Q

a compound whose hydrolytic products are fatty acids and alcohols

A

simple lipids

96
Q

the condensed state of matter having a definite shape and volume

A

solids

97
Q

the conversion of a liquid or a gas into a solid form

A

solidification

98
Q

the measure of how well two substances mix

A

solubility

99
Q

a substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution; the component of a solution present in a lesser amount

A

solute

100
Q

a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dissolved in a sufficient quantity of solvent

A

solution

101
Q

a substance that does the dissolving in a solution; the component of a solution present in a greater amount

A

solvent

102
Q

a physical property of matter (solid, liquid, or gas); condition of phase in the physical composition of a substance at a given temperature and pressure

A

state of matter

103
Q

a physical change of state during which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas

A

sublimation

104
Q

fluid injected for the purposes other than preservation and disinfection; generally fall into one of three categories: pre-injection, co-injection, and humectants or restorative fluids

A

supplemental fluids / accessory fluids

105
Q

additional germicides added to embalming fluids

A

supplementary germicides

106
Q

the material upon which an enzyme works

A

substrate

107
Q

the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and tends to minimize surface area

A

surface tension

108
Q

chemicals that will reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures

A

surfactants / surface tension reducers / wetting agents / penetrating agents

109
Q

a mixture of solute and solvent in which the size of the solute particles is greater than 100 nanometers; particles of solute do not pass through filters or membranes

A

suspension

110
Q

the study of those physical and chemical changes in the human body that are caused by the process of death

A

thanatochemistry

111
Q

a poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, or pathogenic bacteria that is toxic (poisonous) to humans

A

toxin

112
Q

a solution containing less of the solute than can be held in solution by the solvent

A

unsaturated solution

113
Q

the neutralization product of formaldehyde by ammonia - C6H12N4

A

urotropin / methenamine

114
Q

the physical change from a liquid to a gas

A

vaporization

115
Q

liquids that serve as solvents for the numerous ingredients incorporated in embalming solutions; generally, water and sometimes alcohol

A

vehicles

116
Q

the resistance that a liquid exhibits to the flow of one layer over another arising from the molecular attraction between the molecules of a liquid

A

viscosity

117
Q

a type of lipid formed from the combination of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols (not glycerol)

A

wax

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