Chemistry Earth Flashcards
Name the 4 layers of the Earth.
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
State what a Mineral is.
Minerals are rock mixtures of naturally-occurring elements or compounds.
List the six most common elements in the Earth’s crust.
Oxygen- 46.4%
Silicon-28.2%
Aluminium-8.3%
Iron-5.6%
Calcium-4.2%
Sodium-2,4%
Name the three groups of rock and give an example for each.
Sedimentary rocks- Limestone
Igneous rocks- Granite
Metamorphic rocks- Marble
Describe 4 properties of Sedimentary rocks.
-Sedimentary rocks are made up of separate grains so they may be soft and crumbly
-They do not normally contain crystals but may have fossils trapped within them
-Sedimentary rocks are usually porous. They have gaps between their grains. Air or water can get into these gaps.
-Most Sedimentary rocks are soft. You can scratch them easily.
List the five stages in making a sedimentary rock.
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Compaction
Cementation
Define ‘Weathering’.
Weathering- Breaks up all types of rock into pieces called sediments. Weathering makes Sediments but does not move them away.
Define ‘Erosion and Transport’.
Weathered rock (sediments) move away from their rock. Together, the breaking of rock into sediments and their movement away is called erosion. Transport processes move sediments far from the original rock.
Define ‘Deposition’.
Eventually, sediments will stop moving. They settle in one place. This is Deposition. Layers of different types of sediment may settle on top of each other.
Define ‘Compaction and Cementation’.
Sand or other Sediment grains seperate.
After compaction, grains crush and interlock together.
After Cementation, mineral crystals cemented grains together.
When does Igneous rock form?
When liquid rocks cools and freezes.
State 3 properties of Igneous rocks.
Igneous rocks are hard.
They are durable- this means they are hard to damage.
They do not have gaps between the crystals. This explains why they are not porous.
What is Intrusive rock?
Underground, liquid rock is called magma. Granite forms from magma. Underground, magma cools and freezes slowly and forms large crystals called intrusive rock.
What is extrusive rock?
Basalt forms when liquid rock cools and freezes quickly. This happens under the sea, or when volcanoes erupt. On the surface liquid rock is called lava. Lava forms small crystals called extrusive rock.
How is Marble formed?
Marble starts out as limestone. Marble forms when limestone below the earth’s surface heats up. The limestone do not melt, the particles are rearranged.
How is Slate formed?
Slate starts out as Mudstone. Slate forms when high pressure underground squashes the mudstone. This squeezes out the water and forms new crystals.
What is the rock cycle?
Different rock types, and the processes that change one rock type into another.
The rock cycle shows how rocks change, and how materials are recycled over millions of years.
What is Uplift?
When Continents collide, huge forces inside the earth push rock upwards, and mountains can form. This is called Uplift.
What is a Ceramic material?
Toilets are made from pottery. Pottery is an example of a ceramic material
Ceramic materials are compounds- they include metal silicates, metal oxides, metal carbides and metal nitrides.
State 4 properties of Ceramics.
Hard– you can only scratch them with harder materials
Brittle- they break easily
Stiff- they are difficult to bend
Solid at room temperature, with high melting points
Strong when forces press on them
Easy to break when stretched
Electrical insulators
Unreactive with water, acids, or alkalis
Uses of Ceramics.
Bricks are strong when forces press on them. They are also durable and attractive. This makes them suitable for buildings.
Ceramics don’t react with water, acids or alkalis, this makes them useful
for plates, bowls and mugs etc.
Ceramics have high melting points. This makes them suitable for jet-engine turbine blades which get very hot.
Ceramics don’t conduct electricity. They are not damaged by water. This makes them useful for electrical power-line insulators.
Can you think of any uses for artificial satellites?
Earth observations (weather)
Communications
Scientific investigation
Military
Navigation
What are Stars?
Stars are bodies that give out light and may have their own solar systems with planets, called exoplanets, orbit around them.
What is our nearest Galaxy?
Our nearest large galaxy is Andromeda, which you can see with the naked eye
