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Biology Organisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Multi-cellular organisms are made up of many…

A

Cells

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2
Q

State the first level of organisation in a multi-cellular organism.

A

Cells

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3
Q

State the second level of organisation in a multi-cellular organism.

A

Tissue.

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4
Q

State one example of an animal tissue.

A

Muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue.

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5
Q

State one example of a plant tissue.

A

Xylem - tubes that carry water around the plant.

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6
Q

State the third level of organisation in a multi-cellular organism.

A

An organ.

An organ is made up of groups of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

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7
Q

State some examples of an organ.

A

Brain
Heart
Lungs
Stomach
Liver
Bladder
Kidney
Intestines

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8
Q

State the fourth level of organisation in a multi-cellular organism.

A

An organ system.

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9
Q

The circulatory system…

A

Transports substances around the body in the blood.

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10
Q

The respiratory system…

A

Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.

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11
Q

The reproductive system…

A

Produces sperm and egg cells for the production of new organisms, also where the foetus develops.

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12
Q

The digestive system…

A

Breaks down and then absorbs food molecules.

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13
Q

Muscular skeletal system…

A

Supports the body and causes movement by muscles and bones working together.

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14
Q

The immune system…

A

Protects the body against infections.

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15
Q

State two examples of an organ system.

A

Circulatory system.
Respiratory.
Reproductive.
Digestive.
Muscular skeletal.
Immune.

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16
Q

State the fifth level of organisation in a multi-cellular organism.

A

A Multi-cellular organism.

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17
Q

State the main organs in plants.

A

Leaf - absorbs sunlight for making food during photosynthesis.

Stem - holds the plant upright.

Root - anchors the plant into the ground and takes up water and minerals from the soil.

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18
Q

In multi-cellular organisms, substances such as……….. and ………. must be transported to the internal cells within the organism.

A

Glucose and Oxygen.

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19
Q

Describe the hierarchy of organisation in the human body, starting with the least complex.

A

Cells.
Tissues.
Organs.
Organ systems.
Organism.

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20
Q

What are bones?

A

Bone is a living tissue with a blood supply. It is growing and changing all the time and can repair itself when damaged.

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21
Q

What is a skeleton?

A

All the bones in your body make up your skeleton. They are joined together to form a network.

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22
Q

How many bones are there in the average adult skeleton?

A

206

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23
Q

The skeleton is part of the …….. ……….. system.

A

Muscular skeletal.

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24
Q

State the 4 functions of the skeleton.

A

1) Support the body
2) Protect vital organs
3) Help the body move
4) Make blood cells

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25
Q

Name the tissue that causes your skeleton to move.

A

Muscle.

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26
Q

Name the tissue inside the bone that produces red and white blood cells.

A

Bone marrow.

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27
Q

Red blood cells are needed to…

A

Carry oxygen around the body.

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28
Q

White blood cells are used to….

A

Protect against infection.

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29
Q

Describe the three parts of the structure of the bone.

A

1) Compact bone (rigid outer structure)
2) Spongy bone inside
3) Bone marrow

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30
Q

What are joints?

A

Joints occure where two or more bones join together. Most joints are flexible. However, some bones in the skeleton are joined rigidly together and cannot move.

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31
Q

How do joints allow you to move?

A

Joints need to be strong enough to hold your bones together but flexible enough to let them move. Different types of joints allow movement in different ways.

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32
Q

Name two types of hinge joint.

A

Knee and elbow

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33
Q

Name two examples of ball and socket joints.

A

Hip and shoulder

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34
Q

Name a fixed joint.

A

The skull

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35
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A strong, smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones. It is kept slippery by fluid in the joint.

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36
Q

What is a ligament?

A

It connects bones in joints.

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37
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

For movement backwards and forwards (knee and elbow).

38
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A

For movement in all directions (hip and shoulder).

39
Q

What is a fixed joint?

A

Doesn’t allow any movement (skull).

40
Q

You can measure the strength of your muscle using…

A

A newton scale.

The harder you push on the scale, the greater the force exerted.

41
Q

Force is measured in….

A

newtons.

42
Q

Muscles are a type of tissue. What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells of one type, working together to perform a function.

43
Q

Name 3 groups of muscles in the body used for movement.

A

Shoulder muscles
Neck muscles
Abdominal muscles
Tricep/Biceps
Calf muscles
Thigh muscles
Shin muscles

44
Q

How do muscles work?

A

To make you move, muscles work by getting shorter - they contract.

45
Q

Muscles are attached to bones by…

A

tendons.

46
Q

What are pairs of muscles called?

A

Antagonistic muscle pairs.

47
Q

What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

A

A pair of muscles working in unison to create movement at a joint. As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes.

48
Q

Give an example of a pair of antagonistic muscles.

A

The bicep and tricep muscles in the arm.

Bicep in the front of your upper arm, tricep is in the back of your upper arm.

49
Q

What are all living organisms made up of?

A

Cells

50
Q

Cells are….

A

the building blocks of life and the smallest units found in an organism.

51
Q

Organisms such as bacteria can be formed from….

A

a single cell.

52
Q

What did Robert Hooke see when he looked at a cork under a microscope?

A

Tiny room-like structures, which he called cells. These were plant cells - cork is a type of tree bark.

53
Q

Name the four key components found in an animal cell.

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
many Mitochondria

54
Q

Describe what an animal cell looks like…

A
55
Q

Describe what a plant cell looks like…

A
56
Q

What is the cytoplasm in an animal cell?

A

A jelly-like substance were the chemical reactions in a cell take place.

57
Q

What is the cell membrane in an animal cell?

A

The barrier around the cell. It controls what can come in and out of the cell.

58
Q

What is the nucleus in an animal cell?

A

This controls the cell and contains genetic material. Genetic information is needed to make new cells.

59
Q

What is the mitochondria in an animal cell?

A

This is where respiration happens.
Respiration is a reaction that transfers energy for the organism.

60
Q

Name the cell components that are only found in plant cells?

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts

61
Q

What is the cell wall in a plant cell?

A

This strengthens the cell and provides support. It is made from a tough fibre called cellulose, which makes the wall rigid.

62
Q

What is the vacuole in a plant cell?

A

Contains a watery liquid called sap. The vacuole keeps the cell firm.

63
Q

What are chloroplasts in a plant cell?

A

This is where photosynthesis happens. Cloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which traps energy transferred from the Sun.

64
Q

What does the term ‘specialised cell’ mean.

A

A cell that has changed that so that it is suited to carry out a particular job.

These differences are called structural adaptations and these cells are called specialised cells.

65
Q

State the function of a nerve cell.

A

A nerve cell carries electrical impulses around your body.

They are long and thin and have connections at each end where they can join to other nerve cells. This allows them to transmit messages around the body.

66
Q

What is the scientific name for a nerve cell?

A

Neurone.

67
Q

Name the component, normally found in animal cells, which is missing from a red blood cell?

A

Nucleus.

68
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

They transport oxygen around the body. They contain haemoglobin (a red pigment that joins to oxygen).

69
Q

Why are red blood cells shaped like a disk?

A

This increases their surface area for carrying oxygen.

70
Q

Name two features that help a sperm cell to do its job.

A

It has a streamlined head and a long tail. This allows it to move through a liquid. They also contain lots of mitochondria to transfer energy. This allows the tail to ‘swim’. When the sperm cell meets an egg cell, the head of the sperm burrows into an egg.

71
Q

State two features that tell you that a leaf cell comes from a plant, not an animal.

A

The cells are long and thin and contain chloroplasts. This means they have a large surface area for absorbing energy transferred from the Sun.

72
Q

Describe a root hair cell in a plant.

A

They absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
The root hair creates a large surface area for absorbing water and nutrients.
They have no chloroplasts as there is no light underground, so these cells do not carry out photosynthesis.

73
Q

Give 3 examples of specialised animal cells and two specialised plant cells.

A

Nerve cells
Red llood cells
Sperm cells
Leaf cells
Root hair cells.

74
Q

Name two substances that move into a body cell.

A

Glucose and oxygen.

75
Q

What two substances does a cell need for respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen.

76
Q

What is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction where food (glucose) and oxygen are converted into water and carbon dioxide, enabling energy transfer.

77
Q

Name one substance that moves out of a body cell.

A

Carbon dioxide, which is produced during respiration.

It passes out of the cell into the blood. The blood then transports the CO2 to the lungs, where you breathe it out.

78
Q

Substances move in and out of cells through a process called…

A

Diffusion.

79
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a place where they are in a high concentration to a place where they are in a low concentration.

80
Q

Why do plants wilt?

A

If plants are not watered, they will wilt and die. Inside the cells, the water fills up the vacuole. This pushes outwards on the cell wall and makes the cell rigid. This helps the plant to stand upright.

If it does not have enough water, the vacuole shrinks and the cells become floppy.

81
Q

Water diffuses into the plant through…

A

root hair cells.

82
Q

What is a uni-cellular organism?

A

An organism made up of only one type of cell. It is not a plant or an animal, as they are made up of lots of cells.

83
Q

Give an example of a uni-cellular organism.

A

An amoeba is a uni-celled organism that has no fixed shape. It looks like a blob of jelly.

84
Q

Where can an amoeba be found?

A

In fresh water, salt water, wet soil and even inside animals.

85
Q

Name two structures found in both animal cells and an amoeba.

A

Cell membrane.
Nucleus.

86
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Means division in two - a single organism (like an amoeba) splits itself into two cells, producing two identical cells. This is a form of asexual reproduction.

87
Q

What is an euglena?

A

A uni-cellular organism found in fresh water.

88
Q

Name one way a euglena is different to an amoeba?

A

Euglena’s have an eye spot, which detects like and a flagellum (a tail-like structure that allows the euglena to move towards the light and maximise the amount of food it makes).

89
Q

Describe the process of binary fission in an amoebas.

A

First the nucleus divides.
Then the cytoplasm, producing two identical cells.

90
Q

Who devised the traditional classification system, which categorises organisms based on their structure and characteristics?

A

Carl Linnaeus.

91
Q

How many levels did Linnaeus classify organisms into?

A

7

Science (15 decks)

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