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Science 10 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was John Dalton?

A

Billiard Ball Model

All atoms of the same element are the same, but different then any other atom

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2
Q

Who was JJ Thomson?

A

Plum Pudding Model

Positive spheres with negative particles embedded in it

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3
Q

Who was Ernest Rutherford?

A

Discovered the nucleus

Small, dense, positive nucleus in the centre, surrounded by negative charges

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4
Q

Who was Neils Bohr?

A

Shells of Electrons

Electrons surround the nucleus in specific energy levels

2 electrons on the first energy level, 8 on every other level

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5
Q

Quantum Mechanical Model

A

Accepted today

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus at the centre

Electrons surround the nucleus, electrons are a cloud

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6
Q

What is mass number?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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7
Q

What is an electron?

A

Negative charge
Almost no mass
Orbit nucleus

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8
Q

What is a proton?

A

Positive charge
Found in nucleus
More mass

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9
Q

What is a neutron?

A

No charge
Found in nucleus
Same mass as protons

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10
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

Number of protons the element has

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11
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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12
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The outer most electrons

These electrons determine the properties of the atom

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13
Q

What are ions?

A

An atom that loses electrons becomes positive. These are called cations

An atom that gains electrons becomes negative. These are called anions

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14
Q

What are periods on the periodic table?

A

Horizontal rows that correspond to the number of energy levels around the atom

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15
Q

What are groups/families on the periodic table?

A

Vertical column which corresponds to the number of electrons on the last energy level

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16
Q

What are metals?

A

Most of the elements

Good conductors of electricity and heat

Malleable (stretchable)

Most are room temp. and shiny

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17
Q

What are non-metals?

A

17 elements

Do not conduct electricity or heat

Not malleable or ductile

Solid, liquid, and gases

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18
Q

What are metalloids?

A

All touch the staircase line (except aluminum)

Properties between metals and non-metals

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19
Q

What are the Alkali Metals?

A

Soft metals

Reactive

Group/Family 1 (except hydrogen)

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20
Q

What are the Alkaline Earth Metals?

A

Not as soft or as reactive as alkali metals

Group/Family 2

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21
Q

What are Noble Gases?

A

Extremely unreactive non-metals

Group/Family 18

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22
Q

What are the Halogens?

A

Very reactive non-metals

Only family with all three states

All are atomic

Group/Family 17

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23
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

They are formed when a metal loses an electron to a non-metal and then are attracted to each other, forming an ionic bond

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24
Q

What are some rules for naming ionic compounds?

A

Name the cation: It’s just the elements name

Name the anion: Use the first part of the elements name and change the suffix to “ide”

Formulas must ensure charges balance out

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25
Q

What are polyatomic atoms?

A

A unit of more than one atom that behaves as a single ion

The charge is dispersed around the entire molecule and they do not break apart

Almost all are negatively charged

Most contain oxygen and their names end in “ate” or “ite”

26
Q

What are the diatomic elements?

A 
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Fluorine 
Oxygen 
Iodine
Chlorine 
Bromide
27
Q

What are the polyatomic elements?

A

Sulfur (S8)

Phosphorus (P4)

28
Q

What is the formula for water?

A

H2O

29
Q

What is the formula for ammonia?

A

NH3

30
Q

What is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

31
Q

What is the formula for methanol?

A

CH3OH

32
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

33
Q

What are some characteristics of molecular compounds?

A

Share electrons and form a covalent bond

Are composed of non-metals

Can be any state

Will not conduct electricity

Not all dissolve in water

Are always colourless

Have variable melting and boiling points

34
Q

What are some characteristics of ionic compounds?

A

Transfer electrons to form an ionic bond

Are composed of a metal and a non-metal

Are solids

Will conduct electricity

Are soluble

Can be different colours

Have high melting and boiling points

35
Q

What are some characteristics of acids?

A

Acids have a pH below 7

In water they form H+ (aq) ions

As the concentration of H+ (aq) ions increases, pH decreases

Taste sour, react with bases to produce water and an ionic compound

Conduct electricity in solution

React with most metal to produce hydrogen gas

36
Q

What are some characteristics of bases?

A

Bases have a pH greater than 7

In water they form OH- (aq) ions

As the concentration of OH- (aq) ions decreases, pH increases

Taste bitter, react with acids to produce water and an ionic compound

37
Q

How do acids and bases react with litmus paper?

A

Acids turn blue litmus paper red

Bases turn red litmus paper blue

38
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is any substance that takes up space by having mass or volume

39
Q

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

A

During a chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed

Mass of products = mass of reactants

40
Q

What are physical properties of matter?

A

They describe physical appearance and composition of the substance

Boiling or condensation point
Melting or freezing point
Malleability 
Ductility
Colour
State
Solubility
Crystal formation 
Conductivity
Magnetism
41
Q

What are chemical properties of matter?

A

Describe reactivity of a substance

Ability to burn
Flash point
Behaviour in air
Reaction with water
Reaction with acids
Reaction to heat
Reaction to litmus paper
42
Q

Pure substance

A

All particles are identical, properties are constant

43
Q

Element

A

Cannot be broken down

44
Q

Compound

A

Chemical combination of 2 or more elements

45
Q

Mixture

A

Combination of pure substances

46
Q

Solution

A

Is homogeneous because separate components are not visible

47
Q

Heterogeneous

A

Different substances are visible (mechanical mixtures, suspensions, colloids)

48
Q

What is a physical change?

A

The chemical components stay the same

No new substance is formed

49
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

A new substance is formed

50
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

It is a solid that formed from the reaction of 2 solutions

51
Q

What is an endothermic and exothermic reaction?

A

Endothermic - energy is absorbed

Exothermic - energy is released

52
Q

How to you identify chemical reactions?

A 
Formation of precipitate
Formation of bubbles (sometimes)
Production of light
Loss or gain of heat/energy 
Change in smell/taste
Change in pH
53
Q

Reactants

A

The chemicals that are initially put together and react

54
Q

Products

A

The chemicals produced during a reaction

55
Q

What are the five types of reactions?

A 
Formation
Decomposition
Single Replacement
Double Replacement
Combustion
56
Q

What is a formation reaction?

A

A substance is formed from its elements

Element + element = compound

57
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

A substance breaks down into its elements

Compound = element + element

58
Q

What is a single replacement reaction?

A

An element reacts with a compound

Element + compound = new element + new compound

59
Q

What is a double replacement reaction?

A

A compound reacts with a compound

compound + compound = new compound + new compound

60
Q

What is a hydrocarbon combustion reaction?

A

“Burning” a compound, the compound reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour

Any hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water vapour

61
Q

What is molar mass?

A

The mass of one mole of a substance

The units for molar mass are grams per mole

The molar mass of an element can be found on the periodic table

Science 10 (4 decks)

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