Chemistry

Question 1

Organic Chemistry

Answer 1

the study of substances that contain the element carbon

Question 2

Elements - simplest for of chemical matter

Answer 2

All matter in the universe is made up of one or more of these 90 different elements

Question 3

Molecule

Answer 3

is formed by joining two or more atoms chemically.

water is made from hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms

Question 4

Physical CHange

Answer 4

a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance.

There is no chemical reaction involved

solid ice goes through a physical change when it melts into liquid water

Question 5

Physical Mixtures

Answer 5

are a combination of two or more substances that are united physically, in any proportions with combined properties

Question 6

Oxygen

Answer 6

the most abundant element found on earth, it sis colorless, odorless, tasteless gas

Question 7

water

Answer 7

the most abundant of all substances. comprising about 75 percent of the earths surface and about -65 percent of the human body

Question 8

PH

Answer 8

PH of a substance is its relative degree of acidity or alkalinity an dis measured on a scale of 0 to 14

Question 9

Ionization

Answer 9

causes an atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charge

Question 10

Ionization

Answer 10

in pure (distilled) water, each water molecule that ionizes produces on hydrogen ion and one hydroxide ion. Pure water has a neutral pH because it contains the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide

Question 11

Alkalies

Answer 11

also known as bases, have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter, and turn litmus paper from red to blue. the higher the pH number the greater the degree of alkalinity

Question 12

blood

Answer 12

blood has an alkalinity of 7.5

Question 13

Skin

Answer 13

the pH of the skin is slightly acidic at 5.5. the skin produces both sebum and sweat to create a barrieron thr skin’s surface known as the acid mantle

Question 14

Acid Mantle

Answer 14

protective barrier against certain forms of bacteria and other microorganisms

Question 15

Chemical Reactions

Answer 15

two types of chemical reactions are important to Estheticians because they explain how skin care products work

a. acid-alkali neutralization
b. oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 16

Acid alkali neutralization

Answer 16

occurs when an acid is mixed with an alkali ( also called a base), in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H2O) and a salt

Question 17

combustion

Answer 17

the rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.

Ligthing a match is an example of rapid oxidation. ypu cannot have a fire without oxygen

Question 18

Antioxidants

Answer 18

prevent oxidation by neutralizing FREE RADICALS.

FREE RADICALS - are super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process.

Question 19

Solutions, Suspensions,emulsions

Answer 19

are all physical mixtures of two or more different sustances.

the distiction between solutions, suspensions and emulsions depends on the size of the particles and the solubility of the components

Question 20

Solutions

Answer 20

unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible sustances

Question 21

Solute

Answer 21

any substance that is dissloved by a solvent to form a solution

Question 22

solvent

Answer 22

any substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution

Question 23

Miscible (mixable)

Answer 23

liquids that are mutually soluble. Water and alcohol are examples of miscible liquids

Question 24

Examples of solutions

Answer 24

Air , salt water, hydrogen peroxide are all examples of solutions

Question 25

Suspensions

Answer 25

uniform mixtures of two or more sustances, Suspensions differ from solution due to the size of the particles. Suspensions contain larger particles that solutions do.

Suspensions are not usually transparent and may be colored. Suspensions have a tendancy to separate over time

Question 26

emulsion

Answer 26

mixtures of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier.

Emulsify means “to form an emulsion” with one liquid dispersed in another

Question 27

surfactants

Answer 27

used to emulsify oil and water to create an emulsion

surface active agent - surfactants are able to to wet the skin and emulsify oil and water

Question 28

hydrophilic

Answer 28

water loving (end of a surfactant)

Question 29

lipophilic

Answer 29

oil loving (end of a surfactant)

Question 30

water/oil

Answer 30

water oil emlsions are easily rinsed away with water,

A water oil cleansing lotion can easily be removed with wet cotton pads or sponges

Question 31

Oil/Water

Answer 31

oil water emulsions are often milky, free flowing liquids, although thickeners may be added to form gels or thick creams including moisturizing and cleansing lotions

Question 32

Water/Oil

Answer 32

in water oil emulsions droplets of water are dispersed in oil

eg: cleansin creams, cold creams, night creams, massage creams, baby creams, suntan lotions, and hair grooming creams,