Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye and of what substances they are made. It is the science of the structure of organisms, or of their parts
Physiology
the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures
Cells
the basic unit of all living things, from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings
Basic Cell Structure
the cells of living things are composed of a substance called protoplasm.
Protoplasm
a colorless, jellylike substance in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbonhydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.
Organelle
small organ inside a cell. Among the organelle most cells contain ( protoplasm, organelle, nucleus and the cell membrane
Nucleus
the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.
Cytoplasm
all the protoplasm of a cell except that found in the nucleus
Cells
cells have the ability to reproduce, thus providing new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones
Mitosis
the usual process of the cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cells divides into two identical cells called daughter cells
Favorable conditions
As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce.
Types of Favorable conditions
an adequate supply of food, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures, and the ability to eliminate waste products
Metabolism
chemical process that takes place in living organisms. Through metabolism, cells are nourished and carry out their activities. Metabolism has tow phases: Anabolism & Catabolism- they are carried out simultaneously and continually within the cells
Anabolism
during this process the body stores water, food, and oxygen for the time when these substances will be needed for cell growth and repair
Catabolism
phase of the metabolism in which complex compounds within the cells are broken down into smaller ones. This process releases energy that is stored by special molecules to be used in muscle contractions, body secretions or heat protection
Tissue
a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function
Connective tissue
supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. Eg: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (separates muscle) and fat.
Adipose Tissue
gives smoothness and contour to the body. Collagen and elastin are protein fibers also located in the connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
a protective covering on body surfaces. Eg, skin, mucous membrane, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands
Skeletal (bones)
Physical foundation of the body;
Consist of the bones and movable and immovable joints
Nerve Tissue
carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is composed of special cells known as neuron, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord
Circulatory
Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
(Blood supply at all times)
Digestive
Changes food into nutrients and wastes consists of mouth stomach intestines salivary and gastric glands
Integumentary (Skin)
Serves as a protective covering for the body and helps in temperature regulation;consists of skin accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands sensory receptors hair and nails
Body systems
Also know as systems are group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more function. The Humana body is composed of 11 major systems
Tibia
Largest bones in the body
Skeletal system
Helps produce both white and red blood cells ( one of the functions of the bone marrow
The skeletal system
Muscles are connected to bones by tendons.
Bones are connected to each other by ligaments
The place where bones meet one another is typically called a joint
Teeth. &. Bones
Hardest tissue in the body
Cranium
Skull bones
Is an oval, bony case that protects the brain, formed by 8 bones
Occipital bone
The hindmost bone of the skull, it forms the back of the skull above the nape
Parietal Bones
Form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium
Frontal Bones
Forms the foreheads
Temporal Bone
form the sides of the head in the ear region
Maxillary bone
form the upper jaw
Mandible
forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face
Humerus
uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
Myology
study of nature, structure, functiona and diseases of the muscles
Muscles
30 of 630 muscles are facail muscles. Muscles are fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract according to the demands of the body’s movements
Striated muscles
Skeletal or Voluntary ; are attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body massand are controlled by the will
Non Striated muscles
Involuntary or Visceral or Smooth - functions automatically, without conscious will. These muscles are found in the gigestive and circulatory systems
Parts of Muscles
Origin- stationary or fixed part ofmuscle closest to the skeleton which flexes
Belly- middle part of the muscle
Insertion- movable attachment farthest away from skeleton.
pressure in massage is directed from insertion to origin`
Muscular tissue is stimulated by
massage light rays heat rays electrical therapy current moist heat nerves impluses chemicals
Epicranius
occipitofrontalis broad muscle that covers the top of the skull. it consist of : Occipitalis & frontalis
Epicranial aponeurosis
tendon connecting the occipitais to the frontalis
muscles of mastication
the main muscles of mastication coordinate to open and close the mouth to bring the jaw forward or backward. These muscles are referred to as chewing muscles :
MASSETER
Muscles of the Neck
Platysma: muscle extending form the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. Responsible for lowering the lower jaw & lip
Sternocleidomastoid: muscle extending along side the neck from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side & up and down
Muslces of the Eyebrows
Corrugator: located beneath the frontalisand orbicularis oculi – draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forhead vertically
Orbicularis Oculi: ring around the musce of the eys socket – closes the eyes.
Pecoralis Major & Pectoralis Minor
muslces of chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
Biceps
Muscles that produce contour to the front and inner side of the upper arm; lift forearm, f
Biceps
At contour to the front and inner side of the upper arm ; lifts forearm, flex elbow and turn the palms outward
Deltoid
Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body
Extensors
Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line
Flexors
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist
Supinator
Muscles that rotate the radius outward and the palm upward
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as fingers, arm, toe, away from the midline of the body or an extremity
The Nervous System
3 main subdivision:
CNS- central nervous system: brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves
CNS- central nervous system
: brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves. It controls consciousness and many activities, voluntary functions of five senses, and voluntary muscle actions:body movements & facial expressions
Peripheral nervous system
Connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system that citron
Autonomic nervous system ANS
Controls involuntary muscles; regulates action of the smooth muscles, blood vessels. Heart and breathing
Autonomic nervous system
Responsible for the internal regulation of impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscles : heart blood vessels & glands
Sympathetic division
Stimulates or speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations
Parasympathetic division
Operates under normal, non stressful condition and helps restore and slow down activity thus keeping the body in balance
Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Located in the part of the cerebrum from which most messages from brain are sent- thought hearing sight
Diencephalon
Located in the uppermost part of the midbrain and has two main part thalamus & hypothalamus
Spinal cord
Thirty one pairs of spinal nerves extending from the spinal cord are distributed to the muscle and skin of the trunk and limbs
Blood
There are 8 to 10 pints of blood in the body, accounting for about 1/20of the body weight
Blood
Carries oxygen, food and secretions to all cells of the body
White Blood Cells
White corpuscles or leukocytes,
Perform the function of destroying disease causing germs
Facial artery
External maxillary artery, supplies blood to the lower region of the face mouth and nose
