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Esthetics 2012-2013 > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye and of what substances they are made. It is the science of the structure of organisms, or of their parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures

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3
Q

Cells

A

the basic unit of all living things, from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings

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4
Q

Basic Cell Structure

A

the cells of living things are composed of a substance called protoplasm.

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5
Q

Protoplasm

A

a colorless, jellylike substance in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbonhydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.

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6
Q

Organelle

A

small organ inside a cell. Among the organelle most cells contain ( protoplasm, organelle, nucleus and the cell membrane

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

all the protoplasm of a cell except that found in the nucleus

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9
Q

Cells

A

cells have the ability to reproduce, thus providing new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

the usual process of the cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cells divides into two identical cells called daughter cells

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11
Q

Favorable conditions

A

As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce.

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12
Q

Types of Favorable conditions

A

an adequate supply of food, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures, and the ability to eliminate waste products

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical process that takes place in living organisms. Through metabolism, cells are nourished and carry out their activities. Metabolism has tow phases: Anabolism & Catabolism- they are carried out simultaneously and continually within the cells

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14
Q

Anabolism

A

during this process the body stores water, food, and oxygen for the time when these substances will be needed for cell growth and repair

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15
Q

Catabolism

A

phase of the metabolism in which complex compounds within the cells are broken down into smaller ones. This process releases energy that is stored by special molecules to be used in muscle contractions, body secretions or heat protection

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16
Q

Tissue

A

a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. Eg: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (separates muscle) and fat.

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18
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

gives smoothness and contour to the body. Collagen and elastin are protein fibers also located in the connective tissue

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19
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

a protective covering on body surfaces. Eg, skin, mucous membrane, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands

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20
Q

Skeletal (bones)

A

Physical foundation of the body;

Consist of the bones and movable and immovable joints

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21
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions. Nerve tissue is composed of special cells known as neuron, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord

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22
Q

Circulatory

A

Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

(Blood supply at all times)

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23
Q

Digestive

A

Changes food into nutrients and wastes consists of mouth stomach intestines salivary and gastric glands

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24
Q

Integumentary (Skin)

A

Serves as a protective covering for the body and helps in temperature regulation;consists of skin accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands sensory receptors hair and nails

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25
Q

Body systems

A

Also know as systems are group of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more function. The Humana body is composed of 11 major systems

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26
Q

Tibia

A

Largest bones in the body

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27
Q

Skeletal system

A

Helps produce both white and red blood cells ( one of the functions of the bone marrow

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28
Q

The skeletal system

A

Muscles are connected to bones by tendons.
Bones are connected to each other by ligaments
The place where bones meet one another is typically called a joint

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29
Q

Teeth. &. Bones

A

Hardest tissue in the body

30
Q

Cranium

Skull bones

A

Is an oval, bony case that protects the brain, formed by 8 bones

31
Q

Occipital bone

A

The hindmost bone of the skull, it forms the back of the skull above the nape

32
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium

33
Q

Frontal Bones

A

Forms the foreheads

34
Q

Temporal Bone

A

form the sides of the head in the ear region

35
Q

Maxillary bone

A

form the upper jaw

36
Q

Mandible

A

forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face

37
Q

Humerus

A

uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

38
Q

Myology

A

study of nature, structure, functiona and diseases of the muscles

39
Q

Muscles

A

30 of 630 muscles are facail muscles. Muscles are fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract according to the demands of the body’s movements

40
Q

Striated muscles

A

Skeletal or Voluntary ; are attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body massand are controlled by the will

41
Q

Non Striated muscles

A

Involuntary or Visceral or Smooth - functions automatically, without conscious will. These muscles are found in the gigestive and circulatory systems

42
Q

Parts of Muscles

A

Origin- stationary or fixed part ofmuscle closest to the skeleton which flexes

Belly- middle part of the muscle

Insertion- movable attachment farthest away from skeleton.
pressure in massage is directed from insertion to origin`

43
Q

Muscular tissue is stimulated by

A 
massage 
light rays 
heat rays 
electrical therapy current
moist heat 
nerves impluses
chemicals
44
Q

Epicranius

A

occipitofrontalis broad muscle that covers the top of the skull. it consist of : Occipitalis & frontalis

45
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis

A

tendon connecting the occipitais to the frontalis

46
Q

muscles of mastication

A

the main muscles of mastication coordinate to open and close the mouth to bring the jaw forward or backward. These muscles are referred to as chewing muscles :
MASSETER

47
Q

Muscles of the Neck

A

Platysma: muscle extending form the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. Responsible for lowering the lower jaw & lip

Sternocleidomastoid: muscle extending along side the neck from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side & up and down

48
Q

Muslces of the Eyebrows

A

Corrugator: located beneath the frontalisand orbicularis oculi – draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forhead vertically

Orbicularis Oculi: ring around the musce of the eys socket – closes the eyes.

49
Q

Pecoralis Major & Pectoralis Minor

A

muslces of chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.

49
Q

Biceps

A

Muscles that produce contour to the front and inner side of the upper arm; lift forearm, f

50
Q

Biceps

A

At contour to the front and inner side of the upper arm ; lifts forearm, flex elbow and turn the palms outward

51
Q

Deltoid

A

Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

52
Q

Extensors

A

Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line

53
Q

Flexors

A

Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist

54
Q

Supinator

A

Muscles that rotate the radius outward and the palm upward

55
Q

Abductors

A

Muscles that draw a body part, such as fingers, arm, toe, away from the midline of the body or an extremity

56
Q

The Nervous System

A

3 main subdivision:

CNS- central nervous system: brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves

57
Q

CNS- central nervous system

A

: brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves and cranial nerves. It controls consciousness and many activities, voluntary functions of five senses, and voluntary muscle actions:body movements & facial expressions

58
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system that citron

59
Q

Autonomic nervous system ANS

A

Controls involuntary muscles; regulates action of the smooth muscles, blood vessels. Heart and breathing

60
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responsible for the internal regulation of impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscles : heart blood vessels & glands

61
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Stimulates or speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations

62
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Operates under normal, non stressful condition and helps restore and slow down activity thus keeping the body in balance

63
Q

Cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

Located in the part of the cerebrum from which most messages from brain are sent- thought hearing sight

64
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located in the uppermost part of the midbrain and has two main part thalamus & hypothalamus

65
Q

Spinal cord

A

Thirty one pairs of spinal nerves extending from the spinal cord are distributed to the muscle and skin of the trunk and limbs

66
Q

Blood

A

There are 8 to 10 pints of blood in the body, accounting for about 1/20of the body weight

67
Q

Blood

A

Carries oxygen, food and secretions to all cells of the body

68
Q

White Blood Cells

A

White corpuscles or leukocytes,

Perform the function of destroying disease causing germs

69
Q

Facial artery

A

External maxillary artery, supplies blood to the lower region of the face mouth and nose

Esthetics 2012-2013 (7 decks)

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