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bio exam #1 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an “atom”?

A

The smallest unit of an element

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2
Q

What is “elemental matter?”

A

a SINGLE type of matter

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3
Q

What is “compound matter?”

A

a combination of two or more elements

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4
Q

What is the difference between the elemental matter and compound matter?

A

Elemental matter is one single type of matter and compound matter is made of 2 or more elements

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5
Q

What is a “molecule”?

A

The smallest unit of a compound

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6
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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7
Q

Atomic theory

A

States that atoms are made from a central positively charged nucleus and orbiting negatively charged electrons

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8
Q

Positively charged nucleus with negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus

A

Atomic theory

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9
Q

What are the atomic particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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10
Q

What charge is a proton?

A

Positive

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11
Q

What charge is a neutron?

A

Neutral

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12
Q

What charge is an electron?

A

Negative

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13
Q

Where is the atomic number located?

A

On top of the elemental abbreviations

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14
Q

What does the atomic number tell you?

A

How many protons are in the nucleus of that molecule

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15
Q

What rows have the energy shells or orbitals?

A

The first 3 rows of elements in the periodic table. They are the biologically important elements

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16
Q

What is the purpose of energy shells or orbitals?

A

They are where the moving electrons fall

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17
Q

How many electrons does the innermost shell hold?

A

A maximum of 2 e-

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18
Q

How many electrons do the 2nd and 3rd shells hold?

A

A maximum of 8 e-

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19
Q

What is the “rule of 8” or “octet rule”?

A

States that all elements will share or steal e- to get 8 e- in their outer shell

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20
Q

How many e- does Carbon have?

A

4 e- so Carbon will form 4 chemical bonds to share the other 4 e-

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21
Q

What element has an atomic number of 6?

A

Carbon. 2e- in its innermost shell and 4e- in its 2nd shell

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22
Q

Where do the first 2 electrons go?

A

for any element that is NOT hydrogen, the first 2e- go in the innermost shell and the remaining e- will fall in the 2nd and 3rd shells

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23
Q

What charge are atoms?

A

Atoms are neutral meaning they do not have a charge. Once they have a charge, they become ions

24
Q

Will all of the elements steal e-?

A

Most of the elements obtain their 8 e- by sharing electrons. When the electrons are shared, they become part of the shared elements valence shell

25
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell

26
Q

Covalence electrons

A

Electrons that are shared by in 2 valence shells

27
Q

How are covalent bonds formed?

A

Atoms must be physically close to share electrons (or form a covalent bond)

28
Q

Are covalent bonds weak?

A

No, they are strong bonds

29
Q

How is a covalent bond respresented?

A

With a straight line between the atoms: C-H

30
Q

What does a straight line between atoms mean?

A

It means a covalent bond has been formed, the atoms are sharing electrons

31
Q

How many bonds does Hydrogen make?

A

ONE

32
Q

Do all covalent bonds share electrons equally?

A

MOST covalent bonds are made by elements that share electrons equally

33
Q

Double covalent bond

A

When 2 atoms share 2 sets of electrons

34
Q

O=O

A

the = means there is a double covalent bond between the atoms

35
Q

What is a “polar covalent bond”?

A

When one side of the covalent bond is partially positive, and one side is partially negative

It is a partially directional bond

36
Q

What is the name of a bond that is partially positive and partially negative?

A

Polar covalent bond

37
Q

What is a “non-polar covalent bond”?

A

When the electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally

38
Q

In a covalent bond with Hydrogen; Oxygen and Nitrogen will do what?

A

They will keep the e- closer to their nuclei and away from Hydrogen, creating a partially directional bond (polar covalent bond)

39
Q

When is a hydrogen ion formed?

A

When a hydrogen atom loses an electron and now has a +1 charge

40
Q

Which elements will steal electrons?

A

Column 7 - Fluorine, Bronine and Chlorine

41
Q

What happens when Column 7 steals electrons?

A

They acquire an unbalanced charge, making them ions

42
Q

How many kinds of ions are there?

A

2 - cation and anion

43
Q

What is a “cation”?

A

A positively charged ion

44
Q

What is an “anion”?

A

A negatively charged ion

45
Q

What is an “ion”?

A

An element or molecule with a charge

46
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

By the attraction of a cation to an anion

47
Q

What is an “ionic bond”?

A

A type of chemical bond that involves the attraction of a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion

48
Q

What happens to anions when they are ionized?

A

They change their name. Like chlorine to chloride

more specifically they gain or lose an electron

49
Q

Do cations and anions need to be physically close when forming an ionic bond?

A

No, so they are weaker than covalent bonds which need the atoms to be physically close to share electrons

50
Q

Do Hydrogen bonds make molecules?

A

No, they HOLD two molecules together

51
Q

How is a hydrogen bond formed?

A

First, you need 2 polar covalent bonds. The H bond is then formed by the attraction between the partial positive charge of one atom to the partial negative charge of the other atom

52
Q

What is the weakest bond?

A

H bond

53
Q

Is there always one H bond?

A

NO, there are always multiple H bonds

54
Q

How is a H bond represented?

A

-O-H IIIIIII O the vertical lines between the atoms

55
Q

What does it mean to be “ionized”?

A

An atom gains or loses electrons

bio exam #1 (5 decks)

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