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bio exam #1 > Biological macromolecules > Flashcards

Biological macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many biological macromolecules are there?

A

4

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2
Q

What are the biological macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins and nucleic acids

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3
Q

What does the prefix “poly” mean?

A

Many

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4
Q

What does the suffix “mer” mean?

A

Unit

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5
Q

What does the prefix “di” mean?

A

two

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6
Q

What does the prefix “tri” mean?

A

three

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7
Q

What does the prefix “oligo” mean?

A

few

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8
Q

What does the suffix “lysis” mean?

A

Break down

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9
Q

What is the reason for hydrolysis rxn?

A

Human digestion can only absorb monomers, not polymers

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10
Q

What are the common themes with the 4 macromolecule groups?

A
  1. All are polymers made from repeated monomers
  2. All the macromolecules are made of by the dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction, same thing)
  3. All the macromolecules are broken apart by the hydrolysis reaction`
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11
Q

Carbohydrate monomers are called what?

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

What is a “saccharide”?

A

Sugar

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13
Q

How many carbons do saccharide have in their “backbone”?

A

5 or 6

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14
Q

Pentose

A

5 carbon sugars

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15
Q

Hexose

A

6 carbon sugars

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16
Q

5 carbon sugars

A

Pentose

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17
Q

6 carbon sugars

A

Hexose

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18
Q

What does “-ose-“ mean?

A

That is how you know the molecule is a carbohydrate

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19
Q

Ribose is classified as what?

A

Pentose

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20
Q

Glucose is classified as what?

A

Hexose

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21
Q

Fructose is classified as what?

A

Hexose

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22
Q

Galactose is classified as what?

A

Hexose

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23
Q

What are the important hexoses?

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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24
Q

What are the important pentoses?

A

Ribose

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25
Q

Carbon must always have how many bonds?

A

4

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25
Q

What does the suffix “ase” mean?

A

It’s an enzyme

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26
Q

How do you finish a molecule if the sides are not completed?

A

Add hydrogen

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27
Q

What is attached to every carbon in a sugar?

A

Oxygen

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28
Q

What if OH is on top of the chain instead of the bottom?

A

It is a completely different sugar. SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION

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29
Q

All sugars form ring structures in what?

A

In solution

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30
Q

In solution, all sugars form what?

A

Ring structures

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31
Q

The carbons in rings are numbered as what?

A

1’ (one prime), 2’ (two prime), 3’ (three prime), etc.

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32
Q

What is glucose?

A

The universal food molecule

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33
Q

What can every living thing use as energy?

A

GLUCOSE

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34
Q

What is the alternative name for glucose?

A

Dextrose

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35
Q

What is “dextrose”?

A

An alternative name for glucose

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36
Q

Why is it easy for parasites to steal our energy?

A

Because glucose is the universal food molecule

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37
Q

How can we stop parasites from stealing our energy?

A

We convert the glucose into harder to steal forms, “dimers”

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38
Q

What are “dimers”?

A

Glucose that has been converted into harder to steal forms

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39
Q

What is a “disaccharide”?

A

Dimers (two units of sugars)

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40
Q

How many dimers are there?

A

3

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41
Q

What are the names of the disaccharides?

A

Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose

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42
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose (grain sugar)

43
Q

Glucose + Fructose =

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

44
Q

Glucose + Galactose =

A

Lactose (milk sugar)

45
Q

What are the “transport sugars”? What do they do?

A

Maltose, sucrose and lactose. They are used to move sugar (energy) from one place to another

46
Q

What is “hydrolysis”?

A

Using H2O to break down macromolecules to simpler forms (monomers)

47
Q

Why do we need hydrolysis?

A

Because the human digestion system can only digest monomers

48
Q

Why do we need enzymes?

A

Enzymes are needed to hydrolyze the disaccharides

49
Q

What are the names of the enzymes?

A

Maltase, sucrase and lactase

50
Q

How much of the world population is lactose intolerant?

A

over 50%

51
Q

What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?

A

You cannot hydrolyze lactose and cannot make lactase

52
Q

What is “lactase”?

A

The enzyme needed to hydrolyze lactose

53
Q

What is “sucrase”?

A

The enzyme needed to hydrolyze sucrose

54
Q

What is “maltase”?

A

The enzyme needed to hydrolyze maltose

55
Q

Does everyone make lactase?

A

Everyone is born with the ability to make lactase but those who are lactose intolerant lose that ability around age 5

56
Q

What is the name for a general carbohydrate polymer?

A

Polysaccharide

57
Q

What is a “polysaccharide”?

A

A general carbohydrate polymer

58
Q

What do polysaccharides look like?

A

They are all long polymers of glucose. The function changes when they glucoses are joined differently

59
Q

What are the polymer names?

A

1.Starch(es)
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin

60
Q

What is the function of starch(es)? And where do they come from?

A

To store energy
Derives from plants

61
Q

What is the function of glycogen? And where does it come from?

A

To store energy
Derives from animals

62
Q

What is the function of cellulose? And where does it come from?

A

Used to make structures (cell membranes)
Derives from plants

63
Q

What is the function of chitin? And where does it come from?

A

Used to make structures (cell membranes)
Derives from animals

64
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

The fatty acid (FA)

65
Q

What does a fatty acid look like?

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end

66
Q

How many carbons are in a FA?

A

Usually between 14-22. THEY ARE ALWAYS EVEN NUMBERS

67
Q

What are the primary store sites for biological energy?

A

C-H bonds

68
Q

What is the purpose of C-H bonds?

A

To store biological energy

69
Q

What has more calories, carbohydrates or fats?

A

Fats have TWICE the number of calories than carbohydrates

70
Q

Why do fats have twice the calories than carbohydrates?

A

A carbohydrate has 4 energy bonds while a lipid has 8 energy bonds

71
Q

What are “saturated fats”?

A

FA that have the maximum number of C-H bonds. They are “saturated” with energy

72
Q

What are “unsaturated fats”?

A

FA that has one or more C=C double bond

73
Q

FA that has one or more carbon carbon double bond?

A

Unsaturated fats

74
Q

FA that has the maximum number of C-H bonds?

A

Saturated fats

75
Q

What is on the end of all FA?

A

A carboxyl group

76
Q

What makes saturated fats?

A

Mostly animals (butter, bacon grease)

77
Q

What makes unsaturated fats?

A

Mostly plants (olive oil, vegetable oil)

78
Q

What FA are solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fats

79
Q

What FA are liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fats

80
Q

How is a carbon carbon double bond (C=C) represented in a fatty acid?

A

Any kink in the chain is a C=C

81
Q

What is a “trans fat”?

A

A partially hydrogenated oil

82
Q

How are trans fats made?

A

Hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats, eliminating some of the carbon carbon double bonds. Trying to make it a semi-solid

83
Q

What is the worst FA for you?

A

Trans fats as they are manufactured. They increase the risk of heart attacks

84
Q

What is a “cis fat”?

A

What plants make, an unsaturated fat

85
Q

What is in a “tetramer”?

A

3 FA and 1 glycerol

86
Q

Are fats polymers?

A

Not technically, they are tetramers

87
Q

Triacylglycerol is made of what?

A

3 FA, they can be any combination of lengths and saturations. (one saturated and two unsaturated, two saturated and one unsaturated, etc)

88
Q

Butter triacylglycerol….

A

All 3 fatty acids are saturated (solid)

89
Q

Olive oil triacylglycerol…

A

All 3 fatty acids are unsaturated (liquid)

90
Q

What kind of charge do phosphates have?

A

Negative

91
Q

What is a “phospholipid”?

A

A second fat “polymer”

92
Q

How is a phospholipid made?

A

By replacing one of the FA in triacylglycerol with a phosphate group

93
Q

The tails of a phospholipid are…

A

Hydrophobic

94
Q

What is “amphipathic”?

A

A molecule that has BOTH hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

95
Q

Is a phospholipid amphipathic?

A

Yes! They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

96
Q

What are “waxes”?

A

Dimers that are one very long chain of FA, 24-36 carbons, and one very long alcohol

97
Q

What dimer is made of one very long chain of FA, 24-36 carbons and one very long alcohol?

A

Waxes

98
Q

Are waxes hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

VERY hydrophobic

99
Q

What are the names of the polymer fat groups?

A

1.Triacylglycerol
2. Phospholipids
3. Waxes

100
Q

What is the function of the triacylglycerol group?

A

Long term storage energy

101
Q

What is the function of the phospholipid group?

A

Used to build structures (cell membranes)

102
Q

What is the function of the wax group?

A

Used for waterproofing

103
Q

What is the condensation rxn?

A

A type of chemical reaction that joins two molecules and releases a smaller molecule, like water

104
Q

What is the hydrolysis rxn?

A

A decomposition reaction in which a molecule is broken down by adding H2O

105
Q

Maltose, sucrose and lactose are what?

A

Dimers

bio exam #1 (5 decks)

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