Biological macromolecules Flashcards
1
Q
How many biological macromolecules are there?
A
4
2
Q
What are the biological macromolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins and nucleic acids
3
Q
What does the prefix “poly” mean?
A
Many
4
Q
What does the suffix “mer” mean?
A
Unit
5
Q
What does the prefix “di” mean?
A
two
6
Q
What does the prefix “tri” mean?
A
three
7
Q
What does the prefix “oligo” mean?
A
few
8
Q
What does the suffix “lysis” mean?
A
Break down
9
Q
What is the reason for hydrolysis rxn?
A
Human digestion can only absorb monomers, not polymers
10
Q
What are the common themes with the 4 macromolecule groups?
A
- All are polymers made from repeated monomers
- All the macromolecules are made of by the dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction, same thing)
- All the macromolecules are broken apart by the hydrolysis reaction`
11
Q
Carbohydrate monomers are called what?
A
Monosaccharides
12
Q
What is a “saccharide”?
A
Sugar
13
Q
How many carbons do saccharide have in their “backbone”?
A
5 or 6
14
Q
Pentose
A
5 carbon sugars
15
Q
Hexose
A
6 carbon sugars
16
Q
5 carbon sugars
A
Pentose
17
Q
6 carbon sugars
A
Hexose
18
Q
What does “-ose-“ mean?
A
That is how you know the molecule is a carbohydrate
19
Q
Ribose is classified as what?
A
Pentose
20
Q
Glucose is classified as what?
A
Hexose
21
Q
Fructose is classified as what?
A
Hexose
22
Q
Galactose is classified as what?
A
Hexose
23
Q
What are the important hexoses?
A
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
24
Q
What are the important pentoses?
A
Ribose
25
Carbon must always have how many bonds?
4
25
What does the suffix "ase" mean?
It's an enzyme
26
How do you finish a molecule if the sides are not completed?
Add hydrogen
27
What is attached to every carbon in a sugar?
Oxygen
28
What if OH is on top of the chain instead of the bottom?
It is a completely different sugar. SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION
29
All sugars form ring structures in what?
In solution
30
In solution, all sugars form what?
Ring structures
31
The carbons in rings are numbered as what?
1' (one prime), 2' (two prime), 3' (three prime), etc.
32
What is glucose?
The universal food molecule
33
What can every living thing use as energy?
GLUCOSE
34
What is the alternative name for glucose?
Dextrose
35
What is "dextrose"?
An alternative name for glucose
36
Why is it easy for parasites to steal our energy?
Because glucose is the universal food molecule
37
How can we stop parasites from stealing our energy?
We convert the glucose into harder to steal forms, "dimers"
38
What are "dimers"?
Glucose that has been converted into harder to steal forms
39
What is a "disaccharide"?
Dimers (two units of sugars)
40
How many dimers are there?
3
41
What are the names of the disaccharides?
Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose
42
Glucose + Glucose =
Maltose (grain sugar)
43
Glucose + Fructose =
Sucrose (table sugar)
44
Glucose + Galactose =
Lactose (milk sugar)
45
What are the "transport sugars"? What do they do?
Maltose, sucrose and lactose. They are used to move sugar (energy) from one place to another
46
What is "hydrolysis"?
Using H2O to break down macromolecules to simpler forms (monomers)
47
Why do we need hydrolysis?
Because the human digestion system can only digest monomers
48
Why do we need enzymes?
Enzymes are needed to hydrolyze the disaccharides
49
What are the names of the enzymes?
Maltase, sucrase and lactase
50
How much of the world population is lactose intolerant?
over 50%
51
What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?
You cannot hydrolyze lactose and cannot make lactase
52
What is "lactase"?
The enzyme needed to hydrolyze lactose
53
What is "sucrase"?
The enzyme needed to hydrolyze sucrose
54
What is "maltase"?
The enzyme needed to hydrolyze maltose
55
Does everyone make lactase?
Everyone is born with the ability to make lactase but those who are lactose intolerant lose that ability around age 5
56
What is the name for a general carbohydrate polymer?
Polysaccharide
57
What is a "polysaccharide"?
A general carbohydrate polymer
58
What do polysaccharides look like?
They are all long polymers of glucose. The function changes when they glucoses are joined differently
59
What are the polymer names?
1.Starch(es)
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin
60
What is the function of starch(es)? And where do they come from?
To store energy
Derives from plants
61
What is the function of glycogen? And where does it come from?
To store energy
Derives from animals
62
What is the function of cellulose? And where does it come from?
Used to make structures (cell membranes)
Derives from plants
63
What is the function of chitin? And where does it come from?
Used to make structures (cell membranes)
Derives from animals
64
What is the monomer of lipids?
The fatty acid (FA)
65
What does a fatty acid look like?
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end
66
How many carbons are in a FA?
Usually between 14-22. THEY ARE ALWAYS EVEN NUMBERS
67
What are the primary store sites for biological energy?
C-H bonds
68
What is the purpose of C-H bonds?
To store biological energy
69
What has more calories, carbohydrates or fats?
Fats have TWICE the number of calories than carbohydrates
70
Why do fats have twice the calories than carbohydrates?
A carbohydrate has 4 energy bonds while a lipid has 8 energy bonds
71
What are "saturated fats"?
FA that have the maximum number of C-H bonds. They are "saturated" with energy
72
What are "unsaturated fats"?
FA that has one or more C=C double bond
73
FA that has one or more carbon carbon double bond?
Unsaturated fats
74
FA that has the maximum number of C-H bonds?
Saturated fats
75
What is on the end of all FA?
A carboxyl group
76
What makes saturated fats?
Mostly animals (butter, bacon grease)
77
What makes unsaturated fats?
Mostly plants (olive oil, vegetable oil)
78
What FA are solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
79
What FA are liquid at room temperature?
Unsaturated fats
80
How is a carbon carbon double bond (C=C) represented in a fatty acid?
Any kink in the chain is a C=C
81
What is a "trans fat"?
A partially hydrogenated oil
82
How are trans fats made?
Hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats, eliminating some of the carbon carbon double bonds. Trying to make it a semi-solid
83
What is the worst FA for you?
Trans fats as they are manufactured. They increase the risk of heart attacks
84
What is a "cis fat"?
What plants make, an unsaturated fat
85
What is in a "tetramer"?
3 FA and 1 glycerol
86
Are fats polymers?
Not technically, they are tetramers
87
Triacylglycerol is made of what?
3 FA, they can be any combination of lengths and saturations. (one saturated and two unsaturated, two saturated and one unsaturated, etc)
88
Butter triacylglycerol....
All 3 fatty acids are saturated (solid)
89
Olive oil triacylglycerol...
All 3 fatty acids are unsaturated (liquid)
90
What kind of charge do phosphates have?
Negative
91
What is a "phospholipid"?
A second fat "polymer"
92
How is a phospholipid made?
By replacing one of the FA in triacylglycerol with a phosphate group
93
The tails of a phospholipid are...
Hydrophobic
94
What is "amphipathic"?
A molecule that has BOTH hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
95
Is a phospholipid amphipathic?
Yes! They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
96
What are "waxes"?
Dimers that are one very long chain of FA, 24-36 carbons, and one very long alcohol
97
What dimer is made of one very long chain of FA, 24-36 carbons and one very long alcohol?
Waxes
98
Are waxes hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
VERY hydrophobic
99
What are the names of the polymer fat groups?
1.Triacylglycerol
2. Phospholipids
3. Waxes
100
What is the function of the triacylglycerol group?
Long term storage energy
101
What is the function of the phospholipid group?
Used to build structures (cell membranes)
102
What is the function of the wax group?
Used for waterproofing
103
What is the condensation rxn?
A type of chemical reaction that joins two molecules and releases a smaller molecule, like water
104
What is the hydrolysis rxn?
A decomposition reaction in which a molecule is broken down by adding H2O
105
Maltose, sucrose and lactose are what?
Dimers
