chemistry Flashcards
(history) food preservation
*preventing bacterial growth
ex.
-salting
- fermentation
- heating+freezing
- smoking
(history) medicine
*medicine in nature
ex.
- stinging nettle
- juniper
- yarrow
- willow bark
(history) metallurgy
*copper -> bronze -> iron ages
annealing
heating/cooling metals to strengthen
smelting
getting pure metal from ore (naturally occurring)
biohazardous infectious materials (biohazard)
can cause diseases in animals or humans
skull symbol
harmful or fatal
circle fire symbol
may cause fire (the circle is oxygen)
fire symbol
flammable if exposed to air or water
human explosion symbol
health hazard
dead fish symbol
harmful to the environment
exclamation mark symbol
harmful to skin/eyes/respiratory system
fatal in large quantaties
cylinder symbol
gas under pressure (hairspray can)
melting hand symbol
causes severe skin burns/eye damage
(corrosion)
exploding symbol
explosion hazard
matter
has mass and takes up space
the atom
smallest particle of matter
DALTON
1st.
billiard ball model
*all matter is made up of atoms
THOMSON
2nd.
plum pudding model
- electrons are like crumbs in positive jello
- cathode ray tube
RUTHERFORD
3rd.
nuclear model
- the big bang theory intro
- discovers the nucleus/mass of an atom
- gold foil experiment
BOHR
4th.
energy levels
- like a stadium
- electrons surround the nucleus
- gold foil experiment
QUANTUM
5th.
electron clouds
-shading from the middle
proton
positive charge (p+)
in the nucleus
neutron
neutral charge (n)
in the nucleus
electron
negative charge (e-)
orbits the nucleus
NO MASS
alkali metals
group 1
- soluble + conductive
alkaline earth metals
group 2
- conductive + soluble
halogens
group 17
- low solubility + conductivity
noble gases
group 18
- soluble + conductive
transition metals
group 3 - staircase
non-metals
everything on the right side of the staircase
- (g), (s), (l)
- not shiny
- bad conductors /low solubility
metals
everything on the left side of the staircase
- (s)
- conductive + soluble
- shiny
metalloids
neither metals or non-metals
- have characteristics of both
lanthanides
the first column under
actinides
the second column under
nuclear notation for atoms
a X
z
—————————————
a=mass # (protons + neutrons)
z=atomic # (protons)
X=element symbol
stability in atoms
atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to become stable
ions
charged atoms
cation
positively charged ion
(add ion to the element)
anion
negatively charged ion
(replace with “ide”)
atoms
- neutral
- smallest particle of matter
- not always stable
- p+ in the nucleus = e- surrounding the nucleus
ionic compounds
opposite charges are electrostatically attracted to eachother
- crystal lattice
- transfer of electrons
multivalent metal
- more than one possible charge
ex. Fe (II) Fe (III)
polyatomic ions
- made up of a group of atoms
- positive or negative charge
conductivity
- high # of ions = high solubility = high conductivity
- low # of ions = low solubility = low conductivity
molecular compounds
- non-metals only
- share valence electrons
- low solubility + bad conductors
covalent bond
-sharing valence electrons
non-metals
- non-metal atoms bonded together creates a molecule of that compound
acids
- molecular compound
- produces H+ in water
- soluble/conductive
- below 7
- (aq)
bases
- ionic compound
- contains the hydroxide ion (OH-) in water
- (aq) in solution
- high solubility + conductivity
formula unit
- snallest whole # ratio of cation to anion
high solubility/conductivity
- nigh number of ions in solution
low solubility/conductivity
- low umber of ions in solution
neutralization
- ACID + BASE combine to make water (h2o)
- double replacement reaction
photosynthesis
- endothermic
cellular respiration
- exothermic
chemical change
- new substance is created
- light and heat energy produced
- bubbles
- colour change
- new odour
law of conservation of mass
- matter is neither created or destroyed
- equal # of atoms on each side of the equation
exothermic
- gives off heat/energy
endothermic
- surroundings get colder
- absorbs energy
mole
6.02 x 10 23
particles
- molecules
- atoms
- formula unit
all atoms of the same element
have the same # of protons
*preventing bacterial growth
ex.
-salting
- fermentation
- heating+freezing
- smoking
(history) food preservation
*medicine in nature
ex.
- stinging nettle
- juniper
- yarrow
- willow bark
(history) medicine
*copper -> bronze -> iron ages
(history) metallurgy
heating/cooling metals to strengthen
annealing
getting pure metal from ore (naturally occurring)
smelting
can cause diseases in animals or humans
biohazardous infectious materials (biohazard)
harmful or fatal
skull symbol
may cause fire (the circle is oxygen)
circle fire symbol
flammable if exposed to air or water
fire symbol
health hazard
human explosion symbol
harmful to the environment
dead fish symbol
harmful to skin/eyes/respiratory system
fatal in large quantaties
exclamation mark symbol
gas under pressure (hairspray can)
cylinder symbol
causes severe skin burns/eye damage
(corrosion)
melting hand symbol
explosion hazard
exploding symbol
has mass and takes up space
matter
smallest particle of matter
the atom
1st.
billiard ball model
*all matter is made up of atoms
DALTON
2nd.
plum pudding model
- electrons are like crumbs in positive jello
- cathode ray tube
THOMSON
3rd.
nuclear model
- the big bang theory intro
- discovers the nucleus/mass of an atom
- gold foil experiment
RUTHERFORD
4th.
energy levels
- like a stadium
- electrons surround the nucleus
- hydrogen emission spectrum
BOHR
5th.
electron clouds
-shading from the middle
QUANTUM
positive charge (p+)
in the nucleus
proton
neutral charge (n)
in the nucleus
neutron
negative charge (e-)
orbits the nucleus
NO MASS
electron
group 1
- soluble + conductive
alkali metals
group 2
- conductive + soluble
alkaline earth metals
group 17
- low solubility + conductivity
halogens
group 18
- soluble + conductive
noble gases
group 3 - staircase
transition metals
everything on the right side of the staircase
- (g), (s), (l)
- not shiny
- bad conductors /low solubility
non-metals
everything on the left side of the staircase
- (s)
- conductive + soluble
- shiny
metals
neither metals or non-metals
- have characteristics of both
metalloids
the first column under
lanthanides
the second column under
actinides
a X
z
—————————————
a=mass # (protons + neutrons)
z=atomic # (protons)
X=element symbol
nuclear notation for atoms
atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to become stable
stability in atoms
charged atoms
ions
positively charged ion
(add ion to the element)
cation
negatively charged ion
(replace with “ide”)
anion
- neutral
- smallest particle of matter
- not always stable
- p+ in the nucleus = e- surrounding the nucleus
atoms
opposite charges are electrostatically attracted to eachother
- crystal lattice
- transfer of electrons
ionic compounds
- more than one possible charge
ex. Fe (II) Fe (III)
multivalent metal
- made up of a group of atoms
- positive or negative charge
polyatomic ions
- high # of ions = high solubility = high conductivity
- low # of ions = low solubility = low conductivity
conductivity
- non-metals only
- share valence electrons
- low solubility + bad conductors
molecular compounds
-sharing valence electrons
covalent bond
- non-metal atoms bonded together creates a molecule of that compound
non-metals
- molecular compound
- produces H+ in water
- soluble/conductive
- below 7
- (aq)
acids
- ionic compound
- contains the hydroxide ion (OH-) in water
- (aq) in solution
- high solubility + conductivity
bases
- snallest whole # ratio of cation to anion
formula unit
- nigh number of ions in solution
high solubility/conductivity
- low umber of ions in solution
low solubility/conductivity
- ACID + BASE combine to make water (h2o)
- double replacement reaction
neutralization
- endothermic
photosynthesis
- exothermic
cellular respiration
- new substance is created
- light and heat energy produced
- bubbles
- colour change
- new odour
chemical change
- matter is neither created or destroyed
- equal # of atoms on each side of the equation
law of conservation of mass
- gives off heat/energy
exothermic
- surroundings get colder
- absorbs energy
endothermic
6.02 x 10 23
mole
- molecules
- atoms
- formula unit
particles
have the same # of protons
all atoms of the same element
