bio A2 Flashcards
Organelle:
Small structure in a cell surrounded by membrane
Cell membrane:
Protective barrier
Transport of material (in and out)
The skin of the cell
“plasma membrane”
Made up of phospholipids
Cytoplasm:
Supports and protects the cell
Contains nutrients
Like jello
Nucleus:
Contains DNA
Directs all cellular activity
Transport of materials
Like brain
Lysosomes:
Animal cells only
breaks down large cellular molecules
Contains digestive enzymes
Like stomach of the cell
Digestive enzymes:
Chemicals responsible for breaking down molecules
vesicle/vacuole:
Store food, waste and water
Plant cells contain 1 large central vacuole
Animal cells contain vesicles
Vesicle- small
Vacuole- big
Mitochondria:
Has internal membranes
Site of cellular respiration
Breaks down glucose → water, co2, ATP
ATP:
Energy for cells
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Folded membranes
Rough- contains ribosomes
Smooth- produces lipids
Ribosome:
Can exist on the roughER or in the cytoplasm
Site of protein synthesis
Like factory workers
Golgi apparatus:
Folded membranes
Packages, labels, and inspects proteins
Transports to the rest of the cell OR out
Site of lysosome production
Acts like post office
Cell wall:
Plant cells only
Rigid frame around the cell
Made of cellulose
Protection and structural support
Chloroplast:
Plant cells only
Contains chlorophyll
Site of photosynthesis
Cilia:
Helps with cell movement and feeding
(little spikes on the ouside)
Flagella:
Mostly seen in bacterial cells
Plant cells:
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
No lysosomes
1 large vacuole
Animal cells:
No cell wall
No chloroplast
Lysosomes
Many small vesicles
selectively permeable:
Allows some substances to pass in and out
Prevents other substances from entering
(living)
semi permeable:
Not a biological barrier
(non-living)
Phospholipids:
Phosphate (polar) and lipid (hydrophobic)
Phospholipid bilayer:
The plasma membrane which is composed of two layers of phospholipids
Proteins are found on the outside, inside or through the layer
Peripheral proteins:
On the membranes surface
integral proteins:
Extend across the entire bilayer
Ex. channel and carrier proteins
Channel proteins:
Tunnels through the membrane
Filter and transport proteins based on size and charge
carrier proteins:
Extends across the entire membrane
Change shape in order to transport molecules
Homeostasis:
Keeps life in balance considering physical and internal conditions
Transportation of gases and nutrients
Cells:
The smallest functional unit of life
Open system:
Mass in mass out
Energy in energy out
passive transport:
Movement of substances from high to low concentration
Does not require energy
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis
simple diffusion:
movement of solute from an area of high to low concentration
membrane must be permeable
no transport proteins are needed
facilitated diffusion:
movement of solute from high to low concentration
required channel proteins
membrane is impermeable due to its large size
osmosis:
the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
from high to low concentration
extracellular fluid
ECF
outside the cell
hypertonic:
outside has more solute than inside
hypotonic:
outside has less solute than inside
isotonic:
both inside and outside of the cell have an equal amount of solute
