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MPharm Year 2 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Name this function group

A

Benzene derivative

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2
Q

Name this function group
X = F, Cl, Br or I

A

Haloalkane

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3
Q

Name this function group

A

Primary alcohol

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4
Q

Name this function group

A

Secondary alcohol

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5
Q

Name this function group

A

Tertiary alcohol

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6
Q

Name this function group

A

Ether

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7
Q

Name this function group

A

Primary amine

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8
Q

Name this function group

A

Secondary amine

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9
Q

Name this function group

A

Tertiary amine

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10
Q

Name this function group

A

Quaternary ammonium salt

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11
Q

Name this function group

A

Nitrile

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12
Q

Name this function group

A

Sulfide (thioether)

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13
Q

Name this function group

A

Sulfoxide

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14
Q

Name this function group

A

Sulfone

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15
Q

Name this function group

A

Sufonic acid

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16
Q

Name this function group

A

Thiol

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17
Q

Name this function group

A

Aldehyde

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18
Q

Name this function group

A

Ketone

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19
Q

Name this function group

A

Carboxylic acid

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20
Q

Name this function group

A

Ester

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21
Q

Name this function group

A

Primary amide

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22
Q

Name this function group

A

Secondary amide

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23
Q

Name this function group

A

Tertiary amide

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24
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Donate a pair of electrons to an electron deficient species.
Usually a pair of lone electrons or a pair of electrons from a pi bond

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25
Common nucleophiles?
Water Alcohol Hydroxide ion Carbonyl oxygen Ammonia Amine Alkene benzene
26
What is an electrophile?
Electron pair acceptors. Either positively charged or contain an electron deficient atom within the functional group
27
Common electrophiles?
Carbonyl compounds Acyl chloride Acid anhydride Aldehyde Ketone Ester Carboxylic acid Amide
28
Electronegativity of hydrogen?
2.20
29
Electronegativity of carbon?
2.55
30
Electronegativity of nitrogen?
3.04
31
Electronegativity of oxygen?
3.44
32
Electronegativity of fluorine?
3.98
33
Electronegativity of phosphorus?
2.19
34
Electronegativity of sulfur?
2.58
35
Electronegativity of chlorine?
3.16
36
Electronegativity of bromine?
2.96
37
Electronegativity of iodine?
2.66
38
Which nitrogen attaches to C1 in adenine base?
N on 5 membered ring, not near double bond
39
Which nitrogen attaches to C1 in guanine base?
N on 5 membered ring, not near double bond
40
Which nitrogen attaches to C1 in cytosine base?
N opposite NH2
41
Which nitrogen attaches to C1 in thymine base?
N attached to a single carbon and C=O
42
Which carbons are involved in the condensation reaction between the pentose sugar and the phosphate group?
OH on C3 and phosphate group on C5
43
How is the sugar phosphate backbone bonded?
Through condensation reaction
44
Bonds between base pairs?
2 hydrogen bonds between A-T 3 hydrogen bonds between G-C
45
Function of topoisomerase II?
Relieves strain of unravelling DNA by cutting the long chain
46
How does topoisomerase II work, in regards to chemistry?
Alcohol group attached to tyrosine acts as a nucleophile to attack the phosphate as it has lone pairs The oxygens on the phosphate group are more electronegative making the phosphorus slightly positive so it is attacked by the nucleophile
47
Structure of adrenaline?
48
Bonding between adrenaline and its target?
Hydrogen bonding from secondary alcohol Van der Waals from benzene ring Ionic bond from amine
49
Why does the amine in adrenaline undergo ionic bonding?
As it is 91% ionised at pH 7.4
50
Functional groups in adrenaline?
Phenol Secondary alcohol Secondary amine
51
Which enantiomer of adrenaline is more active?
R
52
SARs of adrenaline?
1)Phenol involved in hydrogen bonding. 2) alcohol group in side chain involves in hydrogen bonding 3) R enantiomer is more active 4) ionic bonding from N+ 5) larger substituents on N increases selectivity of B-receptors
53
How to increase selectivity of adrenaline for b-receptors?
Larger substituents on the N
54
Which phenol group on adrenaline can be substituted?
Meta
55
How to make isoprenaline B-2 specific?
Add ethyl group to carbon bonded to nitrogen, creates isotharine
56
Why modify phenol at meta position on adrenaline?
Cannot be recognised and therefore metabolised by COMT
57
What is COMT?
Catecol-o-methyltransferase
58
How to COMT work?
Adds methyl group to meta phenol on adrenaline so it cannot hydrogen bond to target
59
What can salbutamol be synthesised from?
Aspirin
60
Why is salmeterol longer acting?
It has large hydrophobic groups that increase its lipophilicity
61
Types of chemotherapy that directly interacts with DNA?
Alkylating agents Metallating agents Intercalating agents Topoisomerase poisons Chain cutters Chain terminators
62
How does paclitaxel work?
Binds to tubulin to halt cell division cycle
63
What does DNA contain?
Phosphate group Nitrogen-containing base 2-deoxyribose sugar
64
What is the primary structure of DNA?
The base sequence
65
How do nucleotides join together?
Two nucleotides join together when OH on C3 group reacts with phosphate group on C5. A condensation reaction to form a phosphodiester bond
66
What is the secondary structure of DNA?
A double helix structure with the sugar-phosphate backbone ionised and pointing outwards
67
What is the tertiary structure of DNA?
Coiled into a compact 3D shape to fit into the nucleus, called supercoiling
68
How do alkylating agents work?
Contain highly electrophilic groups that form covalent bonds with nucleophilic groups in DNA
69
What kind of cross-linking do alkylating agents cause?
Interstrand
70
Examples of alkylating agents?
Chlormethine Melphalan Uracil Estramustine Chlorambucil Ifosfamide
71
Nitrogen mustards react with which DNA base?
Guanine
72
Why can melphalan be given orally?
It has an electron-withdrawing group making the nitrogen less susceptible to attack
73
Which amino acid does melphalans structure mimic?
Phenylalanine
74
Why does melphalan mimic phenylalanine?
To be recognised as an amino acid so it will be taken into the cell by transport proteins
75
How does cisplatin work?
Activated in cells with low chloride ion concentrations Chloro substituents replaced with water, forming positively charged species Binds to DNA to cause intrastrand cross-linking
76
Examples of metallating agents?
Cisplatin Carboplatin Oxaliplatin
77
What kind of cross-linking do metallating agents cause?
Intrastrand
78
How do intercalating agents work?
Contain planar ring systems which slip between layers of nucleic acid pairs and disrupt the shape of the helix
79
Examples of intercalating agents?
Bleomycin Proflavine Dactinomycin
80
How do chain cutters work?
Intercalating agents that cut strands of DNA and prevent DNA ligase from repairing damage
81
Examples of chain cutters?
Drugs that contain calicheamicin such as gemtuzumab ozogamicin
82
How do topoisomerase II poisons work?
Stabilise the covalent intermediate between DNA and topoisomerase II
83
Examples of topoisomerase II poisons?
Etoposide Teniposide

MPharm Year 2 (6 decks)

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