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OCVAS > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry

A

the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the changes matter undergoes, and the energy involved in these changes

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2
Q

matter

A

the substance composing bodies perceptible to the senses (chemical and physical properties)

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3
Q

energy

A

ability of one substance to do work for another substance

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4
Q

solid

A

shape/volume independent of container, strong attractive forces of parts

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5
Q

liquid

A

volume independent of container, shape dependent on container, strong attractive forces but mobile

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6
Q

gas

A

no shape/volume, weak attractive forces

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7
Q

water form: element

A

most simple form; cannot be decomposed by chemical change

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8
Q

water form: compound

A

2+ elements joined together to form a substance different than each individual element

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9
Q

water form: mixture

A

2+ different compounds or forms of matter such as a solid and a liquid (ex: salt + water)

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10
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

mass is neither created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, it only changes form

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11
Q

Law of Definite Proportions

A

a compound is always made up of the same ratio of elements that compose it

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12
Q

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

A

Each element is made up of atoms

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13
Q

atom

A

basic unit of an element

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14
Q

elements

A

made up of one or more atoms

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15
Q

molecules

A

groups of atoms joined together

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16
Q

how many atoms are there?

A

89 natural, 22 manmade

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17
Q

how is the periodic table organized?

A

by atomic mass and bonding properties (arranged by increasing number of protons)

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18
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons within the nucleus of an atom

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19
Q

atomic weight

A

the number of protons and neutrons of the atom - which is the average weight of all forms of the atom

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20
Q

moles

A

measurement for atoms, elements, compounds

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21
Q

1 mole = ?

A

6.023 * 10^23 molecules

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22
Q

a mole is also called?

A

avogadro’s number

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23
Q

why do we use the equation we do for a mole?

A

equal to amount of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12

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24
Q

why do we use carbon-12 relative to moles?

A

it forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other

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25
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share electrons

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26
Q

excited state

A

when electrons are subjected to energy, they jump to another electron

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27
Q

oxidation state

A

when atoms donate or take unpaired elements to complete their orbital

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28
Q

what’s an example of a covalent bond?

A

water

29
Q

Ions

A

one or more atoms combined to form a substance that has a charge

30
Q

what charge are cations?

A

positive

31
Q

what charge are anions?

A

negative

32
Q

what are common ionic bonds we’ll see in veterinary medicine?

A

salts, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium

33
Q

what is calcium connected to in vet med?

A

bones/teeth and blood clotting

34
Q

what is magnesium connected to in vet med?

A

bones/teeth, energy metabolism, heart function

35
Q

what is phosphorus connected to in vet med?

A

bones/teeth, DNA, RNA, cell membranes

36
Q

what is potassium connected to in vet med?

A

acid-base and water balance, nerve + muscle action

37
Q

physical properties

A

color, smell, taste, physical state, melting and boiling points

38
Q

chemical properties

A

ability to react with other substances, ability to decompose

39
Q

exclusive rule of substance properties

A

no two substances have identical physical + chemical properties

40
Q

potential energy

A

“water behind the dam”, stored energy

41
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of body due to its motion

42
Q

what is the unit of measurement for energy?

A

calorie

43
Q

calorie

A

equivalent to the heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius

44
Q

in chemical equations, what are the left and right sides?

A

left: reactants // right: products

45
Q

reactions: combination

A

A + B –> AB
(ex: rust)

46
Q

reactions: decomposition

A

AB –> A + B
(ex: dissolution of salt in water)

47
Q

reactions: single displacement

A

A + BC –> B + AC
or
A + BC –> C + BA
(balancing)

48
Q

reactions: double displacement

A

AB + CD –> AD + BC
(ex: vinegar + water)

49
Q

exothermic

A

system gives off heat as a product (feels hot)

50
Q

endothermic

A

system absorbs or needs heat as a reactant (feels cold)

51
Q

common properties of acids

A

sour taste, ability to dissolve many metals and react with bases to form salts (ex: gastric juice, vinegar, lemon juice)

52
Q

common properties of bases

A

reaction with acids to form salts (ex: soda, ammonia)

53
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking up of a H2O molecule

54
Q

organic chemistry

A

the chemistry of the compounds of carbon

55
Q

Carbon

A

capable of uniting itself indefinitely to form compounds

also, almost w/o exceptions, carries a constant valence of 4, allowing it to form 4 bonds

the number of carbon compounds that are theoretically capable of existence is staggering

56
Q

hydrocarbons

A

composed only of carbon and hydrogen; largest natural sources are petroleum and natural gas

57
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6; the end product of all carb metabolism

most abundant compound on earth

58
Q

D-Glucose

A

principal carb metabolite in animal nutrition;

utilized by the tissues and absorbed from the digestive tract in greater amounts than other monosaccharides

enters the bloodstream by absorption from the small intestine and carried via the portal vein where part is stored as glycogen and the remainder is sent back to the circulatory system

59
Q

solutions

A

liquids that contain water and one or more dissolved chemical substances

60
Q

solute

A

substance that is dissolved in a liquid

61
Q

solubility

A

how well a solute is dissolved

62
Q

solvent

A

capable of dissolving another material

63
Q

saturation

A

holding all of a solute that can be held in solution by the solvent

64
Q

supersaturation

A

to add more of an ingredient than can be held in the solution

65
Q

osmolality

A

a measure of the number of dissolved particles per unit of H20

66
Q

diffusion

A

spontaneous mixing of molecules; rate of movement of solutes from a higher to a lower concentration

67
Q

osmosis

A

passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser concentration to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane

68
Q

equilibrium

A

state of balance between opposing forces or influences

OCVAS (8 decks)

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