Chemistry Flashcards
chemistry
the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the changes matter undergoes, and the energy involved in these changes
matter
the substance composing bodies perceptible to the senses (chemical and physical properties)
energy
ability of one substance to do work for another substance
solid
shape/volume independent of container, strong attractive forces of parts
liquid
volume independent of container, shape dependent on container, strong attractive forces but mobile
gas
no shape/volume, weak attractive forces
water form: element
most simple form; cannot be decomposed by chemical change
water form: compound
2+ elements joined together to form a substance different than each individual element
water form: mixture
2+ different compounds or forms of matter such as a solid and a liquid (ex: salt + water)
Law of Conservation of Mass
mass is neither created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, it only changes form
Law of Definite Proportions
a compound is always made up of the same ratio of elements that compose it
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Each element is made up of atoms
atom
basic unit of an element
elements
made up of one or more atoms
molecules
groups of atoms joined together
how many atoms are there?
89 natural, 22 manmade
how is the periodic table organized?
by atomic mass and bonding properties (arranged by increasing number of protons)
atomic number
number of protons within the nucleus of an atom
atomic weight
the number of protons and neutrons of the atom - which is the average weight of all forms of the atom
moles
measurement for atoms, elements, compounds
1 mole = ?
6.023 * 10^23 molecules
a mole is also called?
avogadro’s number
why do we use the equation we do for a mole?
equal to amount of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12
why do we use carbon-12 relative to moles?
it forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other
covalent bonds
form when atoms share electrons
excited state
when electrons are subjected to energy, they jump to another electron
oxidation state
when atoms donate or take unpaired elements to complete their orbital
what’s an example of a covalent bond?
water
Ions
one or more atoms combined to form a substance that has a charge
what charge are cations?
positive
what charge are anions?
negative
what are common ionic bonds we’ll see in veterinary medicine?
salts, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium
what is calcium connected to in vet med?
bones/teeth and blood clotting
what is magnesium connected to in vet med?
bones/teeth, energy metabolism, heart function
what is phosphorus connected to in vet med?
bones/teeth, DNA, RNA, cell membranes
what is potassium connected to in vet med?
acid-base and water balance, nerve + muscle action
physical properties
color, smell, taste, physical state, melting and boiling points
chemical properties
ability to react with other substances, ability to decompose
exclusive rule of substance properties
no two substances have identical physical + chemical properties
potential energy
“water behind the dam”, stored energy
kinetic energy
energy of body due to its motion
what is the unit of measurement for energy?
calorie
calorie
equivalent to the heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius
in chemical equations, what are the left and right sides?
left: reactants // right: products
reactions: combination
A + B –> AB
(ex: rust)
reactions: decomposition
AB –> A + B
(ex: dissolution of salt in water)
reactions: single displacement
A + BC –> B + AC
or
A + BC –> C + BA
(balancing)
reactions: double displacement
AB + CD –> AD + BC
(ex: vinegar + water)
exothermic
system gives off heat as a product (feels hot)
endothermic
system absorbs or needs heat as a reactant (feels cold)
common properties of acids
sour taste, ability to dissolve many metals and react with bases to form salts (ex: gastric juice, vinegar, lemon juice)
common properties of bases
reaction with acids to form salts (ex: soda, ammonia)
hydrolysis
breaking up of a H2O molecule
organic chemistry
the chemistry of the compounds of carbon
Carbon
capable of uniting itself indefinitely to form compounds
also, almost w/o exceptions, carries a constant valence of 4, allowing it to form 4 bonds
the number of carbon compounds that are theoretically capable of existence is staggering
hydrocarbons
composed only of carbon and hydrogen; largest natural sources are petroleum and natural gas
Glucose
C6H12O6; the end product of all carb metabolism
most abundant compound on earth
D-Glucose
principal carb metabolite in animal nutrition;
utilized by the tissues and absorbed from the digestive tract in greater amounts than other monosaccharides
enters the bloodstream by absorption from the small intestine and carried via the portal vein where part is stored as glycogen and the remainder is sent back to the circulatory system
solutions
liquids that contain water and one or more dissolved chemical substances
solute
substance that is dissolved in a liquid
solubility
how well a solute is dissolved
solvent
capable of dissolving another material
saturation
holding all of a solute that can be held in solution by the solvent
supersaturation
to add more of an ingredient than can be held in the solution
osmolality
a measure of the number of dissolved particles per unit of H20
diffusion
spontaneous mixing of molecules; rate of movement of solutes from a higher to a lower concentration
osmosis
passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser concentration to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane
equilibrium
state of balance between opposing forces or influences
