bones Flashcards
the functions of bones:
support, protection, locomotion, blood cell production
what can bones store?
calcium and phosphorus
condyle
a rounded surface on the end of a bone at an articular surface such as the condyles of the distal femur and humerus
foramen
an opening into a bone such as the obturator foramen of the pelvis
process
a bump or projection such as the cornoid or anconeal process of the ulna
trochanter
a boney process such as the greater trochanter of the femur
tuber
a projection on the bone that forms a point such as the tuber ischii, tuber coxae, of the ilium, and tuber calcaneus
tubercle
a small raised projection such as the greater projection of the humerus
tuberosity
a large projection such as the tibial tuberosity on the proximal tibia
the axial skeleton contains
skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
vertebral column consists of
cervical (7), thoracic (13-18), lumbar (7), and sacral (3) vertebrae
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
13-18
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
7
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
3
what animal has 18 ribs?
horse
what does the appendicular skeleton contain?
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, anterior limb, posterior limb
what does the pectoral girdle include?
scapula and clavicle
what does the pelvic girdle include?
ilium, pubis, ischium
what do the anterior limbs contain?
humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, phalanges
what do the posterior limbs contain?
femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
function of long bones
enable locomotion by providing a means of attachment for the muscles
red bone marrow exists mostly where?
in the long bones of adult animals
yellow bone marrow consists mostly of?
fat
examples of long bones include?
humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges
epiphysis
the end of a long bone
medullary cavity
contains the bone marrow where blood cells are formed (AKA marrow cavity)
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
osteocyte
cell that produces bone from minerals in the blood
osteoblast
cell thta matures into an osteocyte
osteoclast
cell that removes bones and causes minerals to go back into the circulation
articular cartilage
the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering both epiphyses of the long bone
periosteum
a sheath of tough connective tissue covering the non-articular surface of all bones
the outer layer consists of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
the inner layer is composed of osteoblasts
why is the periosteum important?
it is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition - it is also a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons
endosteum
lines the marrow cavity and in similar in structure to the periosteum, containing a layer of osteoblasts that line the cavity
from the end of the horse’s foot upwards, what are the order of bones?
coffin bone -> navicular bone -> short pastern bone -> long pastern bone -> sesamoid bone -> cannon bone
what bones does the avian leg consist of?
femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus
what bones does the avian wing consist of?
humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpus
flat bones
are flat in shape with no medullary cavity
each flat bone consists of two layers, which are?
hard compact bone covering spongy bone in the center
what are examples of flat bones?
skull bones, ribs, scapula, pelvis
bones of the pelvis are?
illium, ischium, pubis
irregular bones
are irregular in shape, and consist of two layers; compact bone surrounding spongy bone
examples of irregular bones are?
vertebrae: axis, mid-thoracic, lumbar
what are all vertebral categories?
atlas, axis, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum
what is the sternum of birds?
keel bone
what are sesamoid bones?
bones that are formed IN tendons. they are smooth, small, and “free-floating”
what is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
they alter the direction of muscle pull and reduce the amount of friction on the tendons
examples of sesamoid bones?
patella, fabella
short bones
compact bone enclosing spongy bone
has numerous surfaces
does not have a medullary cavity
exampls of short bones?
carpals and tarsals
what bones make up the hock joint?
the tarsus/tarsal bones
what is the study of joints called?
arthrology
define “joint”
the site where two or more pieces of bone or cartilage are connected
do all joints allow movement?
no
how is the scapula attached to the body?
a muscle attachment, not a joint
what are the three types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
define fibrous joints
no joint cavity
usually immobile (fixed or little movement)
bones in these joints are connected by fibrous connective tissue
examples of fibrous joints?
sacral-iliac joint and sutures of the skull
cartilaginous joints are?
united by cartilage and the site where they join (symphysis)
no joint cavity
little or no movement
symphysis
the site where two bones are closely joined
examples of cartilaginous joints?
pelvic joint and mandibular joint
synovial joints
known as “true” joints
allows greatest degree of movement
what do synovial joints have?
a joint cavity, articular cartilage, articular surface, joint capsule, ligaments
examples of synovial joints?
stifle joint, hock joint, elbow joint, hip joint
synovial membrane
inside surface of joint capsule and produces synovial fluid
synovial fluid is composed of?
hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins
what does synovial fluid look like?
straw colored, slightly viscous
what is the function of synovial fluid?
lubrication, provide nutrients for articular cartilage, remove waste products from the articular cartilage
the bones of the skull include:
maxilla, frontal, nasal, incisive, zygomatic, palatine, parietal, temporal, occipital, mandible
maxilla
the muzzle/upper jaw - forms the walls of the nasal passage and the roof of the mouth
what does the maxilla contain?
upper canines, molars, premolars - and the maxillary sinus and infraorbital foramen
what is the dental formula of the dog?
2 (incisor 3/3, canine 1/1, premolars 4/4, molars 2/3)
dental formula of the cat?
2 (incisor 3/3, canine 1/1, premolars 3/2, molars 1/1)
hypsodont
an animal with teeth that continue to grow
wolf tooth (horse)
small canine tooth
caps (horse)
retained deciduous teeth
points (horse)
sharp ridges on the buccal surface of upper teeth and lingual surface of the lower teeth
cup/enamel spot/dental star (horse)
terms for aging horses by the appearance of teeth
mandible
the lower jaw that articulates with the temporal bone
what does the mandible contain?
the ramus and coronoid processes - the lower incisors, canines, premolars, and molars - and the mandibular foramen (medial) and the mental foramina (rostral/lateral)
hyoid apparatus
small bones that surround the larynx, located in the ventral neck just below the mandible and attaches the larynx to the temporal bone
frontal bone
the forehead; contains the caudal portion of the boney orbit; frontal sinus
what are the paranasal sinuses?
maxillary, frontal; ethmoidal, sphenoidal (deeper in the skull)
palatine bone
makes up the caudal portion of the hard palate and attaches the caudal aspect of the right and left maxilla
parietal
upper part of the back of the skull; immediately rostral to the occipital bone, and caudal to the frontal bone
temporal bone
side of the head; contains the bulla of the inner ear; attaches to the caudal end of the zygomatic arch and forms the temporomandibular joint with the mandible
occipital bone
back of the skull; contains a condyle that articulates with the atlas
what does the occipital bone contain?
the nuchal crest, sagittal crest, and occipital protuberance
foreman magnum
opening where the spinal cord exits the skull
nasal bone
bridge of the nose that forms the roof of the nasal passage
incisive bone
contains the incisor teeth and rostral hard palate (basically between the point of the nose and upper lip)
