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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; source of energy storage within cells

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2
Q

respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 btwn the atmosphere and the body/cell

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3
Q

synthesis

A

creation of a compound by the union of its elements

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4
Q

regulation

A

adaptation to a standard condition

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5
Q

metabolism

A

physical + chemical processes by which molecules are broken down to make energy available to an organism

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

adjusting to conditions to maintain stability

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7
Q

genus

A

1st of 2 parts of a name (CANIS lupus)

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8
Q

species

A

2nd of 2 parts of a name (canis LUPUS)

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9
Q

Whats the terms for organism classification from biggest to smallest?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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10
Q

prokaryotic

A

single cell, no distinct mucleus (monera class are these)

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11
Q

eukaryotic

A

1 or more cells with a distinct nucleus (protista, fungi, plants, animals, are examples of eukaryotes)

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12
Q

what defines a chordate?

A

anything with a spine!

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13
Q

dog/canine order?

A

carnivora

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14
Q

dog/canine family?

A

canidae

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15
Q

dog/canine genus and species?

A

(g) canis (s) lupus

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16
Q

dog/canine subspecies?

A

familiaris

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17
Q

cat/feline order?

A

carnivora

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18
Q

cat/feline family?

A

felidae

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19
Q

cat/feline genus and species?

A

(g) felis (s) sylvestris

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20
Q

cat/feline subspecies?

A

domesticus or catus

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21
Q

what would make a cat’s subspecies be categorized as “catus”?

A

if they’re a wild hybrid, such as bengals and savanahhs

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22
Q

horse/equine order?

A

perissodactyl

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23
Q

why are horses considered perissodactyls?

A

they technically only walk on one digit

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24
Q

horse/equine family?

A

equidae

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25
Q

horse/equine genus and species?

A

(g) equus (s) caballus

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26
Q

donkey/equine order?

A

perissodactyl

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27
Q

donkey/equine family’?

A

equidae

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28
Q

donkey/equine genus and species?

A

(g) equus (s) asinus

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29
Q

why can’t mules reproduce?

A

they have two less chromosomes than horses do, meaning they don’t have enough chromosomes to replicate and create offspring

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30
Q

cattle/bovine order?

A

artiodactyla

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31
Q

what defines artiodactyla?

A

cloven hooves

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32
Q

cattle/bovine family?

A

bovidae

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33
Q

cattle/bovine subfamily?

A

boviNae

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34
Q

cow/bovine genus and species?

A

(g) bos (s) taurus

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35
Q

sheep/ovine order?

A

artiodactyla

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36
Q

sheep/ovine family?

A

bovidae

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37
Q

sheep/ovine subfamily?

A

caprinae

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38
Q

sheep/ovine genus and species?

A

(g) ovis (s) aries

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39
Q

goats/caprine order?

A

artiodactyla

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40
Q

goats/caprine family?

A

bovidae

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41
Q

goats/caprine subfamily?

A

caprinae

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42
Q

goats/caprine genus and species?

A

(g) capra (s) aegagrus

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43
Q

goat/caprine subspecies?

A

hircus

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44
Q

What does an animal have to have to be in the family bovidae?

A

4 stomachs

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45
Q

rabbit order?

A

lagomorpha

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46
Q

rabbit family?

A

leporidae

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47
Q

rabbit genus?

A

oryctolagus

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48
Q

rabbit species

A

cuniculus

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49
Q

pig/swine order?

A

artiodactyla

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50
Q

pig/swine family?

A

suidae

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51
Q

pig/swine genus?

A

sus

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52
Q

pig/swine species?

53
Q

what are guinea pigs commonly also known as?

A

cavy/cavies

54
Q

guinea pig/cavy order?

55
Q

guinea pig/cavy family?

56
Q

guinea pig/cavy subfamily?

57
Q

guinea pig/cavy genus?

58
Q

guinea pig/cavy species?

59
Q

parrots class?

60
Q

parrots order?

A

psittaciformes (bill shape)

61
Q

In biology, we define organisms by…

A

locomotion (how they move) and nutrition (how they eat)

62
Q

locomotion: flagella

A

one part moves the cell

63
Q

locomotion: pseudopodia

A

temporary arm-like projections

64
Q

autotrophic nutrition

A

plants; photosynthesis, use sunlight to produce glucose (energy)

65
Q

heterotrophic nutrition

A

ingestion of organic material is necessary to gain nutrition

66
Q

plasma membrane

A

encloses the body of a cell

67
Q

cytoplasm

A

space within a cell containing the nucleus and organelles

68
Q

nucleus

A

a spheroid body within a cell containing chromosomes (DNA) and a nucleoli (RNA)

69
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranes within a cell involved in protein, lipid, and glycogen synthesis. there is a smooth and rough version; rough containing ribosomes

70
Q

ribosomes

A

perform protein synthesis within a cell, RNA makes and carries genetic code for proteins

71
Q

organelle

A

a specialized structure of cell

72
Q

mitochondria

A

organelle in cytoplasm that produces ATP

73
Q

golgi apparatus

A

organelle in cytoplasm that produces glycoproteins and lipoproteins

74
Q

lysosomes

A

“police of the cell” : organelle involved in cellular digestion and killing of microorganisms

75
Q

vacuoles

A

a space/cavity in the cytoplasm

76
Q

cell walls

A

present in plants and bacteria (except mycoplasmas)

77
Q

cell membrane has a lipid bilayer, meaning…

A

it has an outer layer consisting of polar molecules and an inner layer consisting of non-polar molecules

78
Q

polar

A

having the opposite effect at 2 extremities (ex: H2O)

79
Q

cellular transport: absorption

A

passive transport

80
Q

cellular transport: diffusion

A

o2 and h2o

81
Q

cellular transport: concentration gradient

A

sodium (moves to less crowded area)

82
Q

cellular transport: osmosis

A

cell membrane

83
Q

what does active transport expend?

A

energy/ATP

84
Q

pinocytosis

A

molecules are dissolved in extracellular fluid and cell ingests them into vacuoles of membrane

85
Q

phagocytosis

A

molecules are undissolved and large, cell also ingests them into vacuoles of membrane

86
Q

endocytosis

A

uptake of particles by invagination of cell membrane

87
Q

exocytosis

A

discharge if cell particles outside the cell; inflammatory response

88
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

no ATP, forms lactic acid

89
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons - charge becomes more positive

90
Q

aerobic respiration

A

ATP and O2 required - forms H2O + CO2 (opp of photosynthesis) 2 PHASES

91
Q

aerobic respiration (anaerobic phase - glycolisis)

A

forms 2 molecules of pyruvic acid + 4 ATPs, 2 ATPs r utilized

product: 2 ATPs

92
Q

aerobic respiration (aerobic phase)

A

occurs in mitochondria, pyruvic acid oxidized to form CO2, H2O, and 34 ATP

93
Q

Krebs Cycle/tricarboxylic cycle/citric acid cycle

A

respiration occurs w/in cells of plants/animals - normally generates 38 ATP from oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose

94
Q

nucleotides

A

contain a phosphate, a sugar, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases

95
Q

the 4 nitrogen bases:

A

adenine + thymine + guanine + cytosine

96
Q

adenine pairs with?

97
Q

guanine pairs with?

98
Q

thymine pairs with?

99
Q

cytosine pairs with?

100
Q

RNA

A

present in all living cells, makes proteins, contains genetic info in some viruses

101
Q

RNA’s 4 nitrogen bases:

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, URACIL

102
Q

uracil replaces?

103
Q

RNA’s sugar is weaker/stronger than DNA’s sugar?

104
Q

the 3 kinds of RNA?

A

messenger, transfer, ribosomal

105
Q

how many strands does RNA have?

106
Q

polypeptide

A

a compound containing 2 or more amino acids linked in a peptide bond, makeup enzymes

107
Q

recombination

A

reunion of once united but separated elements into the same or different configuration

108
Q

chromosome

A

a complex structure present in the nucleus composed of DNA, RNA, proteins, and genetic info of the cell

109
Q

gene

A

unit of hereditary that determines physical characteristics, segment of DNA

110
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene

111
Q

diploid

A

having a pair of each chromosome characteristic of a species

112
Q

homozygosis

A

form of a cell from a male + female gamete that has identical alleles

113
Q

genotype

A

the entire genetic constitution of an individual

114
Q

phenotype

A

outward appearance as dictated by genetic + environmental influences in the environment

115
Q

mitosis

A

prophase/metaphase/anaphase/telophase

116
Q

interphase

A

dna replicates

117
Q

prophase

A

chromatin begins to coil, centromeres appear, nuclear membrane disappears

118
Q

metaphase/anaphase

A

chromosomes line up and then separate, pulled by poles

119
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes reach poles, nuclear envelopes reappear, cytoplasm is separated and 2 cells have been formed

120
Q

gamete

A

1 of 2 cells, male or female, whose union is necessary to initiate development of new individual (haploids, parent cells are diploids)

121
Q

haploid

A

a single set of unpaired chromosomes

122
Q

spermatogenesis

A

male sperm production

123
Q

oogenesis

A

female egg production

124
Q

fertilization

A

a zygote is formed from union of gametes, zygote is diploid and embryonic development begins

125
Q

Meiosis I

A

similar to mitosis but chromosomes of daughter cells do not separate, 2 cells

126
Q

Meiosis II

A

4 daughter cells produced, each one containing 1/2 the # of chromosomes of the parent cell

127
Q

does meiosis or mitosis occur in sexual reproduction?

128
Q

does meiosis or mitosis have recombination?

OCVAS (8 decks)

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