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Elliott's Chemisty > chemicals in the air > Flashcards

chemicals in the air Flashcards

this is done

1
Q

How are gases distributed in dry air

A

nitrogen 78 per cent
oxygen 21 per cent
argon 1 per cent

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2
Q

what gas makes up 0.04% of the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

what other pollutants does burning fossil fuels create other that the large amount of carbon dioxide

A

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide.

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4
Q

what solid does the incomplete combustion of fuels release

A

It releases small carbon particles that can make buildings dirty and damage the lungs

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5
Q

how where oceans formed in the early development of the earth?

A

When the Earth cooled the water vapour condensed to form the oceans.

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6
Q

How was and is the early atmosphere measured?

A

The early atmosphere cannot be measured directly so scientists look for indirect evidence. This includes the chemical make-up of rocks, examining air bubbles in ice cores and looking at fossils.

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7
Q

what is the difference between accuracy and reliability?

A

The accuracy of each measurement depends on the quality of the measuring apparatus and the skill of the scientists taking the measurement. If the apparatus is faulty or the scientists make a mistake, the measurement may be inaccurate.

For the data to be reliable, the variation within the values must be small. The results are also repeatable, meaning that each time a measurement is taken it has approximately the same value.

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8
Q

what is the definition of range

A

The highest and lowest values in a set of measurements show the range.

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9
Q

what is the definition of the mean average

A

The results from all of the samples can be added together, and then the total divided by the number of samples. This gives a value called the ‘mean’.

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10
Q

what is the definition of an outlier

A

An observation that is well outside of the expected range of values in a study or experiment, and which is often discarded from the data set

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11
Q

Which gas varies in concentration with weather changes?

A

Water vapour

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12
Q

Is argon a pollutant?

A

No

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13
Q

The atmosphere of the early Earth was largely made up of…

A

Carbon dioxide and water vapour

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14
Q

What is improved by more test repeats?

A

The tests reliability

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15
Q

what do small range bars mean?

A

That the test was accurate

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16
Q

The number atoms in the reactants combined is always __________ the number of atoms in the product (fill the gap)

A

The same as

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17
Q

what is coal made out of?

A

carbon

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18
Q

what are Petrol, diesel fuel and fuel oil?

A

hydro carbons

19
Q

what are hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons molecules are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms

20
Q

List all the types of pollutants

A

Particulates

Sulfur dioxide

Nitrogen monoxide

Nitrogen dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

21
Q

What is the definition of correlation?

A

correlation is a link between two things. e.g The higher the ___ The lower the ____

22
Q

what is the difference between correlation and cause?

A

correlation is when two things are in sync on a graph but don’t necessarily cause each other to happen And cause is where one of the stats has been proven to directly affect the other one. e.g some people are trying to argue that smoking and cancer is correlation and not cause.

23
Q

How can the amount of sulfur dioxide released from power stations be reduced?

A

Removing sulfur from natural gas

24
Q

what will reduce the amount the carbon monoxide given out by car engines?

A

a catalytic converter

25
Q

What product of burning fossil fuels may lead to global warming?

A

Carbon dioxide

26
Q

In a solid material what are the six most significant variable properties?

A 
melting point
strength in tension (when pulled)
strength in compression (when pushed)
stiffness
hardness
density.
27
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

the manipulated variable; the variable that is changed on purpose in an experiment

28
Q

What is the dependant variable?

A

Dependent Variable- variable that is not under the experimenter’s control . It is the variable data that is observed and measured in response to the independent variable

29
Q

What is the controlled variable?

A

A variable that is held constant or whose impact is removed in order to analyze the relationship between other variables without interference, or within subgroups of the control variable

30
Q

What pollutant gases are released when fuels are burned?

A

the pollutant gases that are released when fuels are burned include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide.

31
Q

Give an example of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, so cause harm to humans indirectly.

A

A pollutant that causes harm to humans indirectly is for example, sulfur dioxide as it causes acid rain that can damage or kill trees and crops

32
Q

The atmosphere of the early Earth was largely made up of what ? .

A

The atmosphere of the early Earth was largely made up of carbon dioxide and water vapour, probably coming from volcanoes.

33
Q

What effect do Volcanoes have on the atmosphere?

A

Volcanoes emit large amount of gas into the atmosphere

34
Q

The early atmosphere cannot be measured directly so scientists look for indirect evidence. Give 3 examples.

A

AS the early atmosphere cannot be measured directly so scientists look for indirect evidence. This includes the chemical make-up of rocks, examining air bubbles in ice cores and looking at fossils.

35
Q

Some fossils suggest early organisms underwent the process of photosynthesis.What effect did this have?

A

Some fossils suggest early organisms underwent the process of photosynthesis, using the carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. This meant carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere went down and oxygen levels went up.

36
Q

What caused carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere to go down and oxygen levels to go up.

A

The process of photosynthesis

37
Q

What does the accuracy of each measurement depends on?

A

The accuracy of each measurement depends on the quality of the measuring apparatus and the skill of the scientists taking the measurement. If the apparatus is faulty or the scientists make a mistake, the measurement may be inaccurate.

38
Q

Whats is an outlier? How can you justify a decision to ignore a result?

A

The decision to keep or ignore a result can be justified when a result is very different from the others and could be caused by, for example human or instrument error. If this is the case then the result can be considered an outlier.

39
Q

When can data be said to be reliable?

A

The less variation in the measurements, the more reliable they are. In other words, the smaller the range, the more reliable the data.
Data is reliable if the variation in the result is small and repeatable.

40
Q

Range

The highest and lowest values in a set of measurements show the range. The range of this set of measurements is 63 to 69. This may also be written as 63 - 69.

The less variation in the measurements, the more reliable they are. In other words, the smaller the range, the more reliable the data.

A

The highest and lowest values in a set of measurements show the range.

41
Q

When can data be said to be repeatable?

A

The results are repeatable, meaning that each time a measurement is taken it has approximately the same value. We can say that this set of data is reliable.

42
Q

How were oceans formed?

A

When the Earth cooled the water vapour condensed to form the oceans.

43
Q

How were sedimentary rocks. formed?

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans and began to form sedimentary rocks.

44
Q

How were fossil fuels formed?

A

A lot of carbon dioxide was trapped underground and eventually formed fossil fuels.

Elliott's Chemisty (25 decks)

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