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Elliott's Chemisty > chemical reactions and pollutants > Flashcards

chemical reactions and pollutants Flashcards

1
Q

what is the formula for carbon monoxide?

A

CO

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2
Q

what is the formula for nitrogen monoxide?

A

NO

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3
Q

what is the formula for sulfur dioxide

A

SO2

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4
Q

What is the formula for carbon dioxide?

A

CO2

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5
Q

what is the formula for water (hydrogen oxide)

A

H20

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6
Q

what is the formula for nitrogen dioxide?

A

NO2

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7
Q

In a chemical reaction, the substances that react together are called the ……….., while the substances that are formed are called the ……………

A

reactants products

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8
Q

As a chemical reaction takes place, atoms in the reactants are …………. to make the products.

A

rearranged

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9
Q

what is the conservation of atoms?

A

when no atoms are added or taken away in a chemical reaction

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10
Q

What is a reduction reaction

A

When oxygen is removed from a chemical

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11
Q

What happens when we burn fuels to produce energy?

A

We burn fuels to produce energy. When these fuels burn, the atoms in the fuels combine with oxygen from the air to make new molecules

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12
Q

Coal is made mainly of carbon. This burns to produce carbon dioxide.

A

What is produced when coal burns?

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13
Q

what are the molecules Petrol, diesel fuel and fuel oil made of ? They are known are hydrocarbons.? When these fuels burn, the ——– and ——– atoms combine with——- atoms to produce carbon dioxide and ——– ———-.

A

Petrol, diesel fuel and fuel oil are hydrocarbons. Their molecules are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. When these fuels burn, the carbon and hydrogen atoms combine with oxygen atoms to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.

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14
Q

This combustion of fuels increases what? This is thought to cause what?

A

Fuels are burned in the vehicles we use for transport, and in power stations to make electricity. When fuels are burned, pollutants are formed and released into the air.

This combustion of fuels increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. This is thought to cause global warming

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15
Q

The products have different ………… from the reactants.

A

The products have different properties from the reactants.

Many fuels contain small amounts of sulfur compounds. When these fuels are burned sulfur dioxide is released into the air. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain that can damage buildings and kill plants.

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16
Q

what is incomplete combustion? What does it release?

A

If there is not enough oxygen present to burn the fuels completely, incomplete combustion takes place. Carbon monoxide, a very poisonous gas, is formed.

Incomplete combustion also releases very small particles of carbon into the air. This particulate carbon makes buildings dirty and can cause breathing difficulties

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17
Q

what are Nitrogen oxides?

A

In the high temperatures of vehicle engines, nitrogen and oxygen react to form nitrogen oxides. These gases irritate the lungs and cause acid rain.

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18
Q

what is nitrogen monoxide produced?

A

When fuels are burned in vehicle engines, high temperatures are reached. At these high temperatures nitrogen and oxygen from the air combine to produce nitrogen monoxide.

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19
Q

how is nitrogen dioxide formed?

A

When this nitrogen monoxide is released from vehicle exhaust systems, it combines with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen dioxide

20
Q

what does Nitrogen dioxide causes ?

A

Nitrogen dioxide causes acid rain. It also causes breathing problems and can worsen the effects of asthma.

21
Q

what are Particulates?

A

Particulates are very small pieces of solids, mainly carbon, that are released into the air during incomplete combustion. Since they are solids, they will stick to other solid materials that they come into contact with. They coat the walls of buildings making them look dirty.

22
Q

how is Sulfur dioxide is formed ?

A

Sulfur dioxide is formed when fuels containing sulfur compounds are burned. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water and oxygen in the air to produce acid rain. This removes sulfur dioxide from the air, but the acid rain corrodes buildings and kills plants.

23
Q

What is formed when Nitrogen monoxide reacts in the atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide?

A

Nitrogen monoxide reacts in the atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide

24
Q

Nitrogen dioxide reacts with what to form acid rain?

A

Nitrogen dioxide also reacts with water and oxygen in the air to produce acid rain.

25
Q

how is Carbon monoxide produced ? What is it?

A

Carbon monoxide is produced when fuel is burned in an insufficient supply of oxygen. It is a poisonous gas that alters the level of oxygen in the blood

26
Q

what do Plants remove some of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, ?

A

Plants remove some of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, because they use it in photosynthesis.

27
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

28
Q

photosynthesis process uses energy from sunlight. The energy has been absorbed into the plant by the what?

A

green pigment chlorophyll.

29
Q

Why is rainwater slightly acidic and why is the ocean a huge resevoir of dissolved carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide is also removed from the atmosphere when it dissolves in both rain water and sea water. As a result rain water becomes slightly acidic, and the oceans are a huge reservoir of dissolved carbon dioxide.

30
Q

Is the level of CO2 is steadily increasing? .

A

Yes. Not all the carbon dioxide we produce is removed from the atmosphere. The level of CO2 is steadily increasing, and this contributes to global warming.

31
Q

What is global warming.

A

??

32
Q

What increases the validity of the conclusion?

A

Repeatable (same method) and reproducible (different method)
A scientist may take a set of measurements, or make some observations, and draw conclusions from them. If the scientist can repeat this activity, and get similar data, this provides more evidence to support those conclusions. The conclusions are therefore more likely to be valid.

If similar data is obtained when carried out under different conditions, for example using a different method, the result is said to be reproducible. This again increases the validity of the conclusion.

33
Q

what is ‘peer review’.

A

Scientists report their work in scientific journals and at conferences. Before publication, the work is checked and evaluated by other experts. This process is known as ‘peer review’.

When scientists report their work, other scientists can see what they have done and try to repeat it. If these other scientists obtain similar data, it provides more evidence to support the conclusions that have been published.

Scientific findings are only accepted once they have been evaluated critically by other scientists.

34
Q

What is an ‘outcome’ ?

A

If a factor is changed this may lead to a change in the outcome.

Some factors may increase the chances of an outcome but not inevitably lead to it. For example, smoking cigarettes increases the chances of a person getting lung cancer, but some people who smoke never get lung cancer.

35
Q

What is correlation?

A

Correlation is a link between two things. If an outcome happens when a factor is present, and does not happen when the factor is absent, there is a correlation. Or, if an outcome increases or decreases when a factor increases or decreases, there is a correlation. We say there is a correlation between the factor and the outcome

36
Q

What makes a correlation valid?

A

A correlation is only valid when there is a large amount of data to support it.

37
Q

If there is a correlation between a factor and an outcome does it mean that the factor caused the outcome.

A

Not necessarily…To claim a causal link between a factor and an outcome there has to be a mechanism that explains how the factor causes the outcome. In the case of hay fever, skin tests show that people who get hay fever are allergic to pollen. This is supporting evidence that hay fever can be caused by an allergic reaction to pollen. There is a correlation between the pollen count in the air and the incidence of hay fever, for instance. The pollen count increases from spring onwards, reaching a peak in mid-summer. It is therefore possible that pollen causes hay fever.

There is also a correlation between the amount of ice cream sold during the summer (factor) and the number of hay fever cases. But nobody would suggest that eating ice cream causes hay fever.

38
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

When each chemical is joining with oxygen.

39
Q

what are Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide jointly referred to as ?

A

NOx

40
Q

Are the number of atoms of each element in the reactants, the same as in the products.

A

yes

41
Q

Hydrogen reacts with what to form water ?

A

Hydrogen reacting with oxygen to form water

42
Q

What is the conservation of mass?

A

The number of atoms of each element in the reactants are the same as in the products. As the atoms are conserved and all atoms have mass, the mass of the reactants will be the same as the mass of the products. This is known as conservation of mass

43
Q

Many fuels contain small amounts of sulfur compounds.

A

Many fuels contain small amounts of sulfur compounds. When these fuels are burned sulfur dioxide is released into the air. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain that can damage buildings and kill plants.

44
Q

When many fuels are burned what sulphur dioxide is released into the air. What does Sulfur dioxide cause?

A

Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain that can damage buildings and kill plants.

45
Q

what is the greenhouse effect?

A

Scientists believe that the build-up of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere acts like a blanket or greenhouse around the planet; heat is trapped inside the Earth’s atmosphere. This is the greenhouse effect,

46
Q

what is global warming?

A

The increase in global temperatures is called global warming. In the last 100 years the temperature has risen b 0.6 degrees

47
Q

why is CO2 is called a greenhouse gas?

A

The build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere is believed to contribute to global warming through the greenhouse effect. This is why CO2 is called a greenhouse gas.

Elliott's Chemisty (25 decks)

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