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Elliott's Chemisty > Atoms > Flashcards

Atoms Flashcards

This is done except a diagram

1
Q

How are atoms held together?

A

Atoms can be held together by bonds.

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2
Q

What do bonds result from?

A

Bonds are a direct result of atoms being able to achieve a stable electron arrangement

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3
Q

What are noble gases?

A

They are unreactive due to their electron arrangement

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4
Q

What is the electron arrangement of He? Is it unreactive?

A

2 - yes it is unreactive

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5
Q

what is the arrangement of Ne? Is it unreactive?

A

2,8 - yes it is unreactive

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6
Q

what is the arrangement of Ar? Is it unreactive?

A

2,8,8 - yes it is unreactive

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7
Q

How do other elements react to form a stable arrangement?

A

Other elements react in an attempt to achieve this stable arrangement by sharing pairs of outer electrons.

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8
Q

How is a molecule formed?

A

When non-metal elements share electrons to achieve stability, a molecule is formed

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9
Q

Is hydrogen fluoride molecule stable? Why?

A

Hydrogen fluoride molecule is stable as hydrogen now has 2 out of 2 electrons in its outer shell. Fluorine has 8 out of 8 outer electrons.

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10
Q

What is methane?

A

Methane is a molecule made from carbon (2, 4) and hydrogen (1). Carbon becomes stable, as the sharing effect gives it a full outer shell.
This sharing is called a covalent bond. It holds atoms together.

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11
Q

What is a molecule.

A

A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds is called a molecule

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12
Q

what outer energy level does hydrogen and helium ? How many electrons are there?

A

Remember, hydrogen and helium have a spherical outer energy level (only 2 electrons); all other elements are tetrahedral with respect to their outer electrons. Within an 8-electron energy level, the electrons arrange themselves singly, then in pairs. So, to take the 2nd period from Li to N, as an example, we see that the electrons arrange themselves like this.

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13
Q

Apart from hydrogen and helium what do all other elements have in common?

A

They are tetrahedral with respect to their outer electrons. Within an 8-electron energy level, the electrons arrange themselves singly, then in pairs.

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14
Q

How, in the 2nd period from Li to N, do the electrons arrange themselves ?

A

The subshells of paired electrons repel each other in 3 dimensions to give a tetrahedral shape. Each subshell can contain a maximum of 2 electrons, but individual electrons fill the subshells singly from the first to the fourth electron, then pair up from 5-8

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15
Q

How do you write Li in words?

A

Lithium

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16
Q

How do you write N in words

A

Nitrogen

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17
Q

What is the covalent bond?

A

The covalent bond can be described as a situation in which two positive nuclei are held together by their common attraction for the shared pair of electrons.

Each positive nucleus attracts the negative bonding electrons. This arrangement holds atoms together.

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18
Q

What is a chemical formula?

A

The chemical formula gives the number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a covalent substance:

Cl2 - 2 chlorine atoms

CO2- 1 carbon atom, 2 oxygen atoms

H2O- 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom

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19
Q

Usually only atoms of non-metal elements bond to form molecules. If a metal is present, a new type of bonding occurs. Why?

A

Usually only atoms of non-metal elements bond to form molecules. If a metal is present, a new type of bonding occurs, as metals lose electrons - they can’t share them. All atoms are bonded according to their valency .

If a metal is present, a new type of bonding occurs, as metals lose electrons - they can’t share them. All atoms are bonded according to their valency .

20
Q

Cl2 - how many atoms and what sort?

A

Cl2 - 2 chlorine atoms

21
Q

H2O- how many atoms and what sort?

A

H2O- 2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom

22
Q

All atoms are bonded according to their ………….? What is the missing word?

A

All atoms are bonded according to their valency .

23
Q

How do you write the formual for 1 carbon atom, 2 oxygen atoms

A

CO2

24
Q

What is a diatomic molecule?

A

A diatomic molecule is made up of two atoms. Examples of diamotic molecules are:

N2

O2

F2

Cl2

Notice how the number of covalent bonds is equal to the valency.

25
Q

Examples of diamotic molecules are?

A

N2, O2, F2, Cl2

26
Q

The number of covalent bonds is equal to the ……….. (missing word)

A

Notice how the number of covalent bonds is equal to the valency.

27
Q

You need to be able to draw diagrams showing how the outer electrons form a covalent bond. Please draw one

A

Simple two-element molecules usually have a shape based on the tetrahedron.

You must be able to draw this shape in the exam.

This example could represent a methane (CH4) molecule.

28
Q

What is XY4?

Simple two-element molecules usually have a shape based on the tetrahedron.

You must be able to draw this shape in the exam.

This example could represent a methane (CH4) molecule.

A

tetrahedral

You must be able to draw this shape in the exam.

This example could represent a methane (CH4) molecule.

29
Q

What normally has a shape based on the tetrahedron?

A

Simple two-element molecules usually have a shape based on the tetrahedron.

30
Q

Draw an example that could represent a methane (CH4) molecule.

A

You must be able to draw this shape in the exam so look it up!

31
Q

What shape is an example of a pyramidal shape?

A

Ammonia (NH3) is an example of a pyramidal shape.

The pair of non-bonding electrons (not shown) repels the covalent bonds into a pyramid shape.

32
Q

What is happening in a pyramidal shape?

A

The pair of non-bonding electrons (not shown) repels the covalent bonds into a pyramid shape.

33
Q

What sort of molecule is XY2?

The water (H2O) molecule is an example of a bent molecule due to the 2 pairs of non-bonding electrons (not shown) repelling the covalent bonds formed.

A
  • bent
34
Q

What is an example of a bent molecule?

A

The water (H2O) molecule is an example of a bent molecule

35
Q

Why is water a bent molecule?

A

This is due to the 2 pairs of non-bonding electrons repelling the covalent bonds formed.

36
Q

Are all diatomic molecules linear or not?

A

All diatomic molecules are linear.

37
Q

What results from the synthesis of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen gas and chlorine gas

A

In the synthesis of hydrogen chloride from hydrogen gas and chlorine gas, two linear molecules of product result.

38
Q

What are Double covalent bonds?

A

Dunno - look it up

39
Q

Why are some triatomic molecules straight?

A

Some triatomic molecules are straight due to double bonds not bending easily.

40
Q

What makes the molecule linear in carbon dioxide?

A

The double bonds in carbon dioxide make the molecule linear.

41
Q

How is a covalent network formed?

A

Some covalent substances form lots of bonds with their own atoms to make a covalent network.

Diamond is an example of a substance formed from a covalent network. Each carbon atom is bonded to 4 others in a tetrahedral arrangement.

This is extremely strong and means that carbon in this form has a very high ‘boiling point’.

The bonds are so strong that carbon sublimes from a solid to a gas – there is no liquid form

42
Q

What is an example of a substance formed from a covalent network?

A

Diamond is an example of a substance formed from a covalent network.

43
Q

How is each carbon atom bonded in a covalent network?

A

Each carbon atom is bonded to 4 others in a tetrahedral arrangement.

44
Q

In a covalent network the carbon sublimes from a solid to a gas. Why is and is there a liquid form of carbon?

A

It is because the bonds are so strong – there is no liquid form of carbon.

45
Q

carbon in this form has a very high ‘boiling point’. What does this make it?

A

This is extremely strong and means that carbon in this form has a very high ‘boiling point’.

Elliott's Chemisty (25 decks)

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