Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell

Question 1

Visceral chemoreceptors sense _____.

Answer 1

%O2, glucose, etc

Question 2

Gustatory receptor cells sense _____.

Answer 2

taste

Question 3

Olfactory receptor neurons sense _____.

Answer 3

smell

Question 4

Chemosensitive endings sense _____.

Answer 4

common chemicals

Question 5

Flavor

Answer 5

The combination of taste
Stimulation of olfactory neurons by vapors
Free nerve endings

Question 6

Impaired smell results in impaired _____.

Answer 6

taste

Question 7

Taste and olfaction are integrated in the _____.

Answer 7

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 8

Circumvallate papillae

Answer 8

Located at the back of the tongue, near the throat

Question 9

Foliate papillae

Answer 9

Located at the lateral caudal part of the tongue

Question 10

Fungiform papillae

Answer 10

Located on the top of the tongue, less so in the center

Question 11

CN IX innervates _____.

Answer 11

circumvallate and posterior foliate papillae

Question 12

CN VII innervates _____.

Answer 12

fungiform and anterior foliate papillae

Question 13

CN V innervates _____.

Answer 13

anterior 2/3 of epithelial cells

Question 14

CN IX innervates _____.

Answer 14

posterior 1/3 of epithelial cells

Question 15

Taste receptor cells are modified _____ that have developed neuron-like properties.

Answer 15

epithelial cells

Question 16

_____ protrude through the pore of a taste receptor cell.

Answer 16

Microvillae

Question 17

Taste receptors generate _____ potentials.

Answer 17

depolarizing

Question 18

Taste receptor cells synapse onto _____ or _____ (through use of _____).

Answer 18

gustatory neurons
gap junctions
ATP

Question 19

Taste receptor cells detect _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 19

salty
sour
sweet and umami
bitter

Question 20

Salt is detected by TRCs through _____.

Answer 20

NaCl

Question 21

Sour is detected by TRCs though _____.

Answer 21

acids

Question 22

A weak acid will _____ a TRC.

Answer 22

diffuse across the membrane of

Question 23

A strong acid will _____ a TRC.

Answer 23

depolarize

Question 24

TRCs detect sour through _____ receptors.

Answer 24

ionotropic

Question 25

TRCs detect sweet and umami through _____ receptors.

Answer 25

metabotropic

Question 26

TRCs detect bitter through _____ receptors.

Answer 26

metabotropic

Question 27

CNs that project for gustation

Answer 27

VII, IX, X

Question 28

CN VII, IX, and X project to the _____.

Answer 28

solitary nucleus

Question 29

The solitary tract projects to the _____.

Answer 29

central tegmenal tract in the pons

Question 30

Gustatory information runs from the pons to the _____.

Answer 30

VPM nucleus of the thalamus

Question 31

Gustatory information runs from the VPM nucleus of the thatlamus to the _____.

Answer 31

primary gustatory cortex

Question 32

The primary gustatory cortex projects to the _____.

Answer 32

orbital frontal cortex and amygdala

Question 33

The amygdala sends gustatory information to the _____.

Answer 33

hypothalamus and limbic system

Question 34

Labeled-line coding

Answer 34

Different receptors are used to detect each kind of food stimulus

Question 35

Across-fiber coding

Answer 35

Patterns of activation in large populations with multiple food stimuli

Question 36

CN VII mainly conveys _____.

Answer 36

sweet/salty

Question 37

CN IX mainly conveys _____.

Answer 37

sour/bitter

Question 38

Vapors enter the _____.

Answer 38

palate and back wall of the nasal cavity

Question 39

The olfactory epithelium is made of _____, lining the _____.

Answer 39

olfactory epithelial cells | top of the nasal cavity

Question 40

The olfactory epithelium spans _____cm^2

Answer 40

1-2

Question 41

Sensory endings from _____ are present in the olfactory epithelium and detect _____.

Answer 41

CN V | noxious odors

Question 42

Olfactory neurons are _____polar.

Answer 42

bi

Question 43

Axons from olfactory epithelial cells collect into bundles called _____.

Answer 43

olfactory fila

Question 44

Olfactory fila course through the _____.

Answer 44

cribiform plate

Question 45

Olfactory fila project to the _____.

Answer 45

olfactory bulb

Question 46

Olfactory cells are replaced every _____ by _____.

Answer 46

1-2 months | basal cells

Question 47

_____ guide axons of olfactory cells through the cribiform plate.

Answer 47

basal cells

Question 48

Humans have _____ kinds of olfactory neurons

Answer 48

300

Question 49

Chemosensitive cilia have _____ that open to produce _____.

Answer 49

ion channels | 2nd messenger effects

Question 50

Olfaction is (rapidly, slowly) adapting

Answer 50

rapidly

Question 51

Olfactory epithelial cells synapse onto _____.

Answer 51

mitral cells

Question 52

_____ are the most prominent cells in the olfactory bulb.

Answer 52

Mitral cells

Question 53

Dentrits of mitral cells form dendritic arbor called _____.

Answer 53

glomeruli

Question 54

The olfactory bulb has no primary relay to the _____.

Answer 54

thalamus

Question 55

The left and right olfactory bulbs communicate through the _____.

Answer 55

anterior commisure

Question 56

All olfactory fibers are (ipsilateral/contralateral).

Answer 56

ipsilateral

Question 57

Some fibers of the olfactory tract run through the _____.

Answer 57

perforated substance

Question 58

Most fibers of the olfactory tract go laterally as the _____ before leading into the _____.

Answer 58

lateral ofactory tracts | primary olfactory cortex (piriform)

Question 59

Anosmia

Answer 59

loss of smell

Question 60

Patients with anosmia often complain of _____.

Answer 60

lack of taste

Question 61

The most common cause of anosmia is _____.

Answer 61

a tumor under the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 62

Conductive olfactory deficits are caused by _____.

Answer 62

blockage

Question 63

sensorineural olfactory deficits are caused by _____.

Answer 63

damage or neurodegeneration

Question 64

Olfactory aura

Answer 64

A common precursory symptom of a seizure that starts near the olfactory bulb