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Functional Neuroanatomy > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ is the core of the brainstem.

A

reticular formation

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2
Q

The caudal medulla contains the _____ continuous with that of the spinal cord.

A

central canal

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3
Q

The rostral medulla contains the central canal which expands into the _____.

A

fourth ventricle

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4
Q

Obex

A

The apex of the caudal fourth ventricle, where it narrows into the central canal

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5
Q

Pyramidal decussation

A

Where the pyramids cross at the junction of the spinal cord and brainstem

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6
Q

Olive

A

An enlarged oval swelling dorsal to the hypoglossal rootlets in the rostral medulla

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7
Q

The rootlets of the glossopharyngeal (XI) and vagus (X) nerves emerge from a shallow lateral groove dorsal to the _____.

A

olive

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8
Q

The cuneate tubercle marks the site of the _____.

A

nucleus cuneatus

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9
Q

The gracile tubercle marks the site of the _____.

A

nucleus gracilis

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10
Q

The _____ is a line of separation between motor nuclei and sensory nuclei.

A

sulcus limitans

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11
Q

Motor nuclei are _____ to the sulcus limitans.

A

medial

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12
Q

Sensory nuclei are _____ to the sulcus limitans.

A

lateral

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13
Q

Pons is the latin word for _____.

A

bridge

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14
Q

The _____ looks like a bridge, joining two cerebellar hemispheres.

A

basal pons

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15
Q

The _____ is where fibers projected from nuclei are funneled and enter the cerebellum.

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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16
Q

The _____ exits where the pyramid emerges from the rostral basal pons.

A

abducens nerve (VI)

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17
Q

The _____ consists of the medial motor root and the smaller sensory root.

A

facial nerve (VII)

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18
Q

The _____ is slightly lateral to the facial nerve (VII)

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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19
Q

The _____ forms the roof of the fourth ventricle.

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

The _____ emerges from the dorsal side of the brainstem where the superior cerebellar peduncle enters the brainstem.

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

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21
Q

The _____ is a flattened band of fibers covering the superior cerebellar peduncle and forms part of the ascending auditory system.

A

lateral lemniscus

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22
Q

The lateral lemniscus terminates in the _____.

A

inferior colliculus

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23
Q

The midbrain is characterized by the _____ on its posterior surface and the _____ on its anterior surface.

A

S/I colliculi

cerebral peduncles

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24
Q

The inferior colliculus projects to the _____.

A

medial geniculate nucleus

thalamic relay nucleus for hearing

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25
Q

The _____ consists of the superior and inferior colliculi.

A

tectum

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26
Q

Tectum is Latin for _____.

A

roof

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27
Q

The area between the basal pons and the fourth ventricle is called the _____.

A

tegmentum

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28
Q

Tegmentum is Latin for _____.

A

covering

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29
Q

The tegmentum contains the _____, _____, and _____.

A

reticular formation
CN nuclei and tracts
ascending/descending pathways

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30
Q

The structures appended to the anterior surface of the brainstem contain _____.

A

fibers descending from the cerebral cortex

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31
Q

Most fibers of the pyramids decussate at the _____.

A

spinomedullary junction

32
Q

Most of the fibers in the pyramids decussate at the spinomedullary junction and form the _____.

A

lateral corticospinal tracts

33
Q

Corticospinal fibers travel in the _____ of the brainstem.

A

most ventral part

34
Q

The spinothalamic tract at all levels of the brainstem is in or near the _____.

A

anterolateral corner of the tegmentum

35
Q

The posterior columns terminate in the _____.

A

posterior column nuclei of the medulla

36
Q

Posterior column nuclei

A

nucleus gracilis

nucleus cuneatus

37
Q

Efferent fibers from posterior column nuclei decussate in the medulla to form the _____.

A

medial lemniscus

38
Q

The caudal medulla exists between the _____ and _____.

A

pyramidal decussation

obex

39
Q

Nucleus gracilis begins and ends a bit rostral to _____.

A

nucleus cuneatus

40
Q

Postsynaptic fibers of the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus cross the midline in a ventral direction and form the _____.

A

contralateral medial lemniscus

41
Q

Near the floor of the fourth ventricle is bundle of fibers called the _____ which is involved in coordinating head and eye movements.

A

medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

42
Q

STT conveys…

A

pain and temperature

43
Q

Posterior columns convey…

A

touch and proprioception

44
Q

CST pathway

A

cortex, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, basal pons, medullary pyramid, spinomedullary junction

45
Q

posterior oclumns end in the _____.

A

medulla (in the gracilis nucleus)

46
Q

STT ascends through the _____ to the _____.

A

anterior-lateral side of the tegmentum

thalamus

47
Q

The caudal medulla is defined from the _____ to the _____.

A

spinomedullary junction

caudal end of the obex

48
Q

The rostral medulla is defined from the _____ to the _____.

A

caudal end of the obex

rostral end of the obex

49
Q

The caudal pons is defined from the _____ to the _____.

A

rostral end of the fourth ventricle

rostral edge of the middle cerebellar peduncle

50
Q

The rostral pons is defined from the _____ to the _____.

A

rostral edge of the middle cerebellar peduncle

end of the cerebral aqueduct

51
Q

The caudal midbrain is defined from the _____ to the _____.

A

end of the cerebral aqueduct

rostral end of the inferior colliculus

52
Q

The caudal midbrain can be defined as the area of the _____.

A

inferior colliculus

53
Q

The rostral midbrain is defined from the _____ to the _____.

A

intercollicular groove

posterior commisure

54
Q

The rostral midbrain can be defined as the area of the _____.

A

superior colliculus

55
Q

The reticular formation contains the _____, _____, and _____.

A

raphe nuclei
gigantocellular reticular nucleus
lateral zone

56
Q

The pontine reticulospinal tract is _____.

A

medial

57
Q

The medullary reticulospinal tract is _____.

A

lateral

58
Q

The reticulospinal tracts control _____.

A

motor movements and reflexes

59
Q

The reticular formation modulates ____ and _____.

A

pain

visceral reflexes

60
Q

ARAS

A

ascending reticular activating system

61
Q

The reticular formation is responsible for _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

sleep
consciousness
arousal
attention

62
Q

Damage to the ARAS results in _____.

A

coma

63
Q

The locus cereleus neurons produce _____.

A

NE

64
Q

The substantia nigra and VTA neurons produce _____.

A

DA

65
Q

DA neurons project to the _____ and _____ through _____.

A

frontal cortex
limbic cortex
mesocortical and mesolimbic fibers

66
Q

The substantia nigra includes the _____ and _____.

A

pars compacta

pars reticularis

67
Q

Pars compacta neurons project to _____ through _____.

A

caudate/putamen (striatum)

nigrostriatal fibers

68
Q

DA in PFC controls _____.

A

motor initiation

69
Q

The raphe nucleus neurons produce _____.

A

5HTP

70
Q

ACh producing neurons reside in the _____, _____, and _____.

A

nucleus basalis
septal nuclei
substantia innominata

71
Q

DA mental illnesses

A

Schizophrenia

Parkinsons

72
Q

5HTP mental illness

A

depression

73
Q

NE mental illness

A

Depression

74
Q

ACh mental illness

A

Alzheimers

75
Q

The brainstem is perfused by the _____ and _____.

A

vertebral-basilar artery system

PCA

76
Q

The vertebral-basilar artery system gives rise to the _____.

A

circumferential artery system

wraps around the brainstem

Functional Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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