Chemical Reactions Flashcards
What is an ion
An ion, is an atom of an element that has either lost or gained electrons in order to gain a
neutral outer ring. When an ion is formed, it is a bond that could be a covalent bond, or an ionic
bond.
What is a polyatomic ion
A polyatomic ion is an ion that is made up of 2 elements that act as 1 ion.
What are oxidation numbers?
The oxidation number is the charge that the element gets when it becomes an ion.
What are common oxidation numbers
The common oxidation numbers are +1,+2,+3,+4, -4, -3, -2, -1
Rules for naming ions
When you are naming ionic compounds, you do the following:
- Positive ion first
- crossing over
- simplify ratios
- Treat polyatomic ions like a single thing.
How do you name ions based on their formulas
If you see parenthesis, then you know that it is a polyatomic ion, and you have to cross over to
the chart and see the charge and things like that. If it is a chemical bond that ends in a single
element, change the ending to ide. An -ite or -ate ending on the name of a compound indicates
that the compound:
a. is a binary ionic compound
b. is a binary molecular compound
c. contains a polyatomic anion.
d. contains a cyanide polyatomic ion.
Lewis Dot Diagrams
Use Electron Dot Diagrams and how many of each atom is needed in a covalent bond
What are the types of bonds
Ionic Bonds: A bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions. They are
formed by transfer of electron. They bond because of a positive and negative ion. Also, they are
in the form of networks and conduct electricity when in water.
1. Covalent Bonds are formed when the two atoms share pairs of electrons. They are formed
mostly between nonmetal atoms. They can be any type of matter. But, they don’t have to
share the electrons equally. An unequal sharing is a polar covalent bond. Triple bonds are
stronger then double bonds, and bother are not as strong as single bonds.
2. Metallic bonds are formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the
electrons around them. So basically, it is the attraction between the nucleus and the
neighboring atoms electrons. This causes the electrons to overlap which explains why they
conduct electricity so well. They are flexible because they can slide past each other
3. Hydrogen Bond: the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to
a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of
another molecul
What particles are bonded in a metallic, ionic, and covalent bond?
Metallic: 2metals, melting/boiling point high conducts electricity great
Ionic: metal+nonmetal meltin/boiling point=kinda high, okay at conducting electricity
Covalent:2nonmetals, melting/boiling point low, doesn’t conduct electricity
Basic Types of Chemical Reactions
Basic Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Synthesis: Two chemicals are bonded together to create a new product. A+B=AB This is
also known as polymerization. IN polymerization, many small molecules join together in
chains to make larger structures called polymers. The product is a more complex compound.
2. Decomposition: Breaks down compounds. AB=A+B
3. Combustion: The oxidation reactions (where it contains oxygen) Heat is released.
4. Single Displacement: A reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in
a compound : AX+B=BX+A
5. Double Displacement: A reaction in which there is an exchange between two compounds-
AX+BY=AY+BX
How to determine single/double displacement reactions
Look at what is paired in products, and use oxidation numbers to determine subscripts. When
doing a Single Displacement or a Double Displacement, just:
1. Switch elements with same charge
2. Write Oxidation Numbers and then use crossing over
3. Write subscripts and simplify
1. Ex. Na2O+Cl2 → NaCl+O this is because, you switch the two elements in a single
displacement.
How to balance equations
To Balance Equations:
1. Write Element in a List
2. See which elements have an equal amount on each side.
3. If there is any change, indicate it on the table so you don’t get confused
4. Put coefficients in front of compound. Remember, if any element in the compound has a
subscript, then it gets changed so you have to balance it as well.
5. Put parenthesis around polyatomic ions
Law of Conservation of Matter
Exothermic and endothermic graphs
Endothermic Heat Diagrams have a lower bar because the products have more energy.
Exothermic Heat Diagram has higher bar at the beginning because it has more potential energy
and gives off any excess energy.
What are some ways to see the rate of reactions
For any reaction to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide with one another. If the
contact is greater, then the reaction is faster. Also, if the temperature is higher, then the reaction
will go faster. The kinetic theory states that particles move faster at higher temperatures. The
faster moving particles collide more often and there are more chances for the particles to react.
So, the reaction will be faster. Also, larger surface areas speed up reactions. If you have a
concentrated solution, it will react faster. Also faster pressures means faster reactions. Lastly,
bulky molecules react slower because they cannot move as fast Catalysts are a substance that
changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly. This
is like oil. Like this an enzyme is a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plants
and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed. A Substrate is a part, substance,
or element that lies beneath and supports another part or element.
