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D&D- Cell Injury > Chemical Mediators of Inflammation I > Flashcards

Chemical Mediators of Inflammation I Flashcards

1
Q

What cells make ROS?

A

all leukocytes

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1
Q

What is the problem with ROS?

A

they’re nonspecific- collateral damage

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2
Q

What are the functions of chemokines?

A

chemotaxis, migration of inflammatory cells

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3
Q

What is a basophil called when it enters the tissue?

A

a mast cell

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4
Q

Why are mediators short lived?

A

b/c of decay, inactivation, inhibition, scavenging

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4
Q

Where do mast cells mature?

A

CT and mucosa

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4
Q

What inactivates histamine?

A

histaminase

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5
Q

What does IL-1 do?

A

activates other inflammatory cells

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6
Q

What are the delayed effects of histamine?

A

white blood cell chemotaxis

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6
Q

Where do chemokines come from?

A

inflammatory cells, endothelial cells

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7
Q

What causes histamine release?

A

the antigen- IgE interaction of plasma cells

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8
Q

What cells make histamine?

A

mast cells, basophils, and platelets

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9
Q

Usually local, cell derived mediators are _____.

A

inflammatory

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action for most chemical mediators?

A

receptor mediated

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9
Q

What are the immediate effects of histamine?

A

causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, and increased vascular permeability,

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9
Q

What synthesizes eicosanoids?

A

WBCs, platelets, endothelial cells

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11
Q

What is the time frame for acute inflammation?

A

minutes- hours

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12
Q

What are the major effects of eicosanoids?

A

1) vasodilation 2) vasoconstriction 3) vascular permeability 4) chemotaxis 5) platelet aggregation 6) smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

What is the function of nNOS?

A

vasodilation, neurotransmitter release

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13
Q

What regulates the half life of NO?

A

the rate of synthesis

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15
Q

Liver, plasma derived mediators can be ____, ____, or _____.

A

coagulation factors/kinins, complement, acute phase proteins

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15
Q

What are the effects of the mediators on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

constriction

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16
Q

What is endocrine-like signaling?

A

a cell releases a signal that binds to receptors very far away; distant, systemic affects

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17
Q

Inflammatory cells lack ____ and ____, so they communicate via receptor-mediated signals.

A

cell junctions; synapses

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18
Q

What are the major effects of platelet activating factor?

A

1) platelet activation/stimulation 2) vasoconstriction 3) vasodilation and vascular permeability 4) chemotaxis and leukocyte activation 5) bronchospasm 6) neutrophil oxidative burst

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19
Q

Where does platelet activating factor come from?

A

platelets, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, macs, endothelial cells

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19
Q

What are the systemic effects of TNF?

A

liver, anorexia, sleepiness, stimulates liver to make more acute phase proteins

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20
Q

What cells make cytokines?

A

lymphocytes, macs, EC

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20
Q

Where does interferon come from?

A

T lymphocytes, NK cells

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22
Q

What are the peptide mediators?

A

bradykinin, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, substance P, cytoplasmic enzymes

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23
Q

What cells make platelet-activating factor?

A

all leukocytes, EC

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23
Q

What inactivates ROS?

A

superoxide dismutates, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cerulolplasmin, transferrin

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24
Q

What are the eicosanoids derived from?

A

arachidonic acid/membrane phospholipids

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24
Q

What are the 3 kinds of NO and where to they come from?

A

1) iNOS (endothelium, smooth muscle, macs) 2) eNOS (endothelial cells) 3) nNOS (neural parenchyma)

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25
Q

Where do cytokines come from?

A

macs, lymphocytes, endothelial cells

26
Q

Which cells store mediators?

A

neutrophils, macs

27
Q

Where do local, cell derived mediators come from?

A

endothelial cells, nerve twigs, smooth muscle, epithelial cells, fibroblasts (the site of injury)

28
Q

What is different about histamine and serotonin release?

A

histamine is immediately released; serotonin takes a release process

29
Q

What inactivates stored mediators?

A

antiproteases

30
Q

What are the important acute phase mediators?

A

TNF, IL-1, chemokines

31
Q

What makes PAF acetyl hydrolases?

A

the liver and local inflammatory cells

32
Q

Most mediators are _____.

A

local, cell derived

33
Q

What does histamine do?

A

causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, increased vascular permeability, and white blood cell chemotaxis

35
Q

Which chemical mediators use a direct affect?

A

RAS, lysosomal enzymes, macs and neutrophil granules

36
Q

What does substance P do?

A

pain signaling, modulates vascular tone and permeability

37
Q

What inactivates platelet activating factor?

A

PAF acetyl hydrolases

39
Q

What cells make lysosomal enzymes?

A

neutrophils, macs

40
Q

Where does interleukin come from?

A

macs

42
Q

What are the effects of the mediators systemically/physiologically?

A

fever, pain, acute phase rxn

43
Q

What are the oxygen-based mediators?

A

activated oxygen species, NO

45
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

it’s similar to histamine

46
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

cell releasing a signal that binds to a receptor on a nearby cell

47
Q

What are some exogenous chemical mediators?

A

bacterial lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins, tissue debris

49
Q

What are the amine mediators?

A

histamine, serotonin

50
Q

What are the eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, lipoxins

51
Q

What are the important chronic phase mediators?

A

interferon

52
Q

What are the effects of the mediators on inflammatory cells?

A

chemotaxis, activation

53
Q

What are the granules in stored mediators?

A

enzymes

54
Q

What stimulates ROS release?

A

cytokines, endothelial cell damage

56
Q

What are the local effects of TNF?

A

endothelial activation, thrombogenesis, fibroblast stimulation, activates other inflammatory cells, stimulates acute phase rxn

58
Q

What causes serotonin release?

A

platelet aggregation due to collagen, thrombin, PAF, or TXA2

60
Q

Where are prostaglandins made?

A

all leukocytes, platelets, EC

61
Q

What cells make serotonin?

A

platelets

62
Q

What are the functions of interferons?

A

activation of inflammatory cells, interfere w viral replication, tumor defense

63
Q

What cells make NO?

A

macs

64
Q

What is the effect of a single chemical mediator?

A

1) direct effects on specific tissues 2) cause release of other mediators 3) cause opposite effects

65
Q

What kind of inflammation is typically associated with macs?

A

granulomatous

66
Q

What causes TNF to be released?

A

bacterial endotoxins, immune complexes, tissue injury

67
Q

Where does TNF come from?

A

activated macs, lymphocytes, mast cells

68
Q

Which chemical mediators are made as-needed?

A

most of them

69
Q

What cells make leukotrienes?

A

all leukocytes

70
Q

Where do the reactive oxygen species come from?

A

leukocytes (macs, neutrophils), endothelial cells

71
Q

What is the job of an eicosanoid?

A

signaling molecules

72
Q

What is the time frame for repair?

A

days- weeks- months- years

74
Q

What is NO formed from?

A

L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase

76
Q

Which chemical mediators are pre-formed and stored in secretory vesicles?

A

histamine, serotonin, substance P, enzymes

77
Q

What are the lipid mediators?

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor

78
Q

What is the time frame for chronic inflammation?

A

hours- days or longer

79
Q

What are the 3 categories of chemical mediators of inflammation?

A

1) local, cell derived 2) liver, plasma derived 3) exogenous sources

80
Q

What is the function of iNOS?

A

vasodilation, chemotaxis, toxic effects on microbes

81
Q

What is the lifespan of a mediator?

A

usually short lived- rapidly degraded

82
Q

Where does histaminase come from?

A

the liver, neutrophils, and macs

83
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

cell releasing a signal that binds to a receptor on itself

84
Q

What is the function of eNOS?

A

vasodilation, reduced leukocyte/platelet adhesion

85
Q

What are the effects of the mediators on the blood vessels?

A

dilation, contraction, permeability

86
Q

Name the 4 major types of inflammatory mediators (chemistry).

A

1) amine 2) lipids 3) peptides 4) oxygen based species

87
Q

Where is substance P made?

A

nerve twigs in the lung or GI tract

D&D- Cell Injury (13 decks)

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