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D&D- Cell Injury > Cell and Tissue Injury > Flashcards

Cell and Tissue Injury Flashcards

1
Q

When/where is coagulative necrosis seen?

A

in the heart following an MI

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2
Q

Compare and contrast the cytoplasm’s changes in necrosis vs apoptosis.

A

necrosis = swelling apoptosis = shrinking

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3
Q

Name the 4 classic types of adaptation.

A

1) hypertrophy 2) atrophy 3) metaplasia 4) hyperplasia

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3
Q

Describe liquefactive necrosis.

A

dead cell dissolves away as lysosomal hydrolases digest cellular components

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3
Q

Why is blood flow decreased in hypothermia?

A

vasoconstriction with increased blood viscosity

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4
Q

What happens when the cell adapts via metaplasia?

A

one type of tissue is replaced with another

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4
Q

Infection of a burn can lead to ____, _____, _____, or ____.

A

endocarditis, sepsis, septic shock, renal failure

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5
Q

How does electricity cause injury or death?

A

disruption of neural impulses, spasm of chest muscles burns

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6
Q

Name 4 areas of the cell that are affected early when the cell is damaged.

A

1) cell membrane 2) mitochondria 3) ER 4) nucleus

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of heat stroke?

A

1) exertional 2) classic

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7
Q

What cells signify an chronic disease?

A

lymphocytes and macs

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8
Q

Give an example of adaptation via atrophy.

A

shrinkage of skeletal muscles following motor neuron loss

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8
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of classic heat stroke?

A

hot, dry skin; respiratory alkalosis

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9
Q

Give an example of adaptation via hypertrophy.

A

enlargement of the L ventricle 2a to severe, long-term hypertension (myocytes are working harder)

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11
Q

What happens to the cell membrane early on when a cell is injured?

A

lipid peroxidation; accumulation of Na+ and H2O causes cell to swell

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12
Q

What cells signify an acute disease?

A

PMNs

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13
Q

Name 2 types of cell death.

A

1) apoptosis 2) necrosis

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14
Q

What happens to the nucleus early on when a cell is injured?

A

nucleolus appears to change; rRNA synthesis is decreased

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14
Q

In a ______ burn, the dermis and dermal appendages survive but usually show blistering.

A

partial thickness

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15
Q

When/where is fat necrosis seen?

A

acute pancreatitis or trauma in adipose tissue

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15
Q

How does acute inflammation damage tissues?

A

PMNs in the area release enzymes that produce oxygen radicals

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17
Q

Most human disease occurs from injury to _____.

A

the epitheium

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17
Q

In a full thickness burn, there is total destruction of the _____ and _____.

A

epidermis; dermis

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19
Q

Give an example of adaptation via hyperplasia.

A

the increased # of adrenocortical cells secondary to tumor that secretes ACTH

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20
Q

What is a free radical?

A

a chemical species with an unpaired electron

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20
Q

How does anemia result from a serious burn?

A

bone marrow production is suppressed

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21
Q

What are the irreversible changes in hypoxia?

A

1) activation of lysosomal enzyme 2) DNA and protein degradation 3) increased Ca2+ influx

22
Q

Cell death from ischemia is called _____.

A

ischemic necrosis

23
Q

Name 4 different kinds of necrosis.

A

1) caseous 2) liquefactive 3) fat 4) coagulative

24
Q

In a ______ burn, there is total destruction of the epidermis and dermis.

A

full thickness

26
Q

What is the result of ER injury?

A

decreased protein synthesis

27
Q

What do free radicals damage?

A

DNA, RNA, proteins

28
Q

Give an example of adaptation via metaplasia.

A

chronic reflux causes replacement of stratified squamous epi with columnar epi in the esophagus

29
Q

Name 2 pathogens commonly seen in infections secondary to burns.

A

1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2) staph

30
Q

What happens when the cell adapts via hypertrophy?

A

cell increases in size and # of organelles 2a to an increase in function

31
Q

What are the reversible changes in hypoxia?

A

1) decreased ATP 2) decreased Na pump (cell swelling) 3) increased glycolysis 4) decreased protein synthesis

32
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis?

A

breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers

33
Q

What do free radicals trigger?

A

lipid peroxidation of membranes

35
Q

Compare and contrast the amount of cells involved in necrosis vs apoptosis.

A

necrosis = large areas of tissue apoptosis = single cells

36
Q

When/where is caseous necrosis.

A

only in Tb

37
Q

What happens to the mitochondria early on when a cell is injured?

A

O2-dependent ATP synthesis is decreased, so ion pumps fail and the mitochondria swells

38
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

a fragmented nucleus

39
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

breakdown and removal of the fragmented nucleus

41
Q

What happens when the cell adapts via hyperplasia?

A

the # of cells in the tissue increases

43
Q

What happens to the chromosomal DNA in necrosis vs apoptosis?

A

necrosis = it is degraded into nonspecific fragments apoptosis = internucleosomal pattern of DNA breakage

44
Q

Neurons can survive ____ without oxygen and muscles can survive _____.

A

3-5 minutes; several hours

44
Q

How does reperfusion damage tissues?

A

xanthine oxidase produces free radicals

45
Q

What happens when cells and tissues are frozen?

A

increased local concentrations of salt; proteins denature; organelles are injured

47
Q

Name 3 general types of free-radical eliminators.

A

1) antioxidants 2) catalase 3) glutathione peroxidase

47
Q

What does the morbidity and mortality of a burn injury depend on?

A

1) total area burned 2) depth of burn 3) thermal injury to lung 4) effective treatment

48
Q

When/where is liquefactive necrosis seen?

A

acute infection of the brain and spleen

49
Q

Describe caseous necrosis.

A

central portion of the lymph node is necrotic and chalky-white

50
Q

What happens when the cell adapts via atrophy?

A

cell decreases in size and functional capacity

52
Q

Name 4 complications of serious burns.

A

1) neurogenic shock and fluid loss 2) infection 3) hypermetabolic state 4) anemia

53
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of exertional heat stroke?

A

dry, hot skin; lactic acidosis

54
Q

Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis are all parts of _____.

A

coagulative necrosis

55
Q

What can classic heat stroke lead to?

A

hypotension, coma

57
Q

How does O2 therapy damage tissues?

A

high levels of toxic oxygen radicals are produced

58
Q

Name 2 important free radicals.

A

O2- and •OH

59
Q

How does the cell restore its ion concentrations after cell damage?

A

by repairing its membranes

60
Q

What happens to the ER early on when a cell is injured?

A

cisternae distend and polyribosomes detach

62
Q

In a partial thickness burn, the _____ and _____ survive but usually show ____.

A

dermis; dermal appendages; blistering

63
Q

What can exertional heat stroke lead to?

A

rhabdomyolysis, necrosis of renal tubules (ATN), DIC, multi-organ failure

64
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

fats are hydrolyzed into free fatty acids that precipitate Ca2+ producing a chalky-gray material

65
Q

How can hypothermia lead to death?

A

slowing of metabolic processes, esp in the brain

66
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

cytoplasm more eosinophilic; nucleus shrinks; chromatin becomes basophilic and clumps

67
Q

Name 2 examples of antioxidants.

A

1) uric acid 2) vitamin E

D&D- Cell Injury (13 decks)

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