Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Chemistry

Answer 1

the science of the structure and interactions of matter

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

Anything that occupies space and has mass; exists in three states : SOLID, LIQUID, & GAS

Question 3

Mass

Answer 3

The amount of matter in any object; does NOT change

Question 4

Weight

Answer 4

The force of gravity acting on matter(change)

Question 5

Chemical Symbols

Answer 5

Given to elements for abbreviation

Question 6

Major Elements

Answer 6

Oxygen(O), Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), Nitrogen(N) ; Makes up 96% of body weight

Question 7

Lesser Elements

Answer 7

Makes up 36% of body weight

• Calcium(Ca) -Sodium(Na)
• Phosphorus(P) -Chlorine(Cl)
• Potassium(K) -Sulfur(S)
• Magnesium(Mg) -Iron(Fe)

Question 8

Trace Elements

Answer 8

Only present in tiny amounts; Makes up 0.4% of body weight

Aluminum(Al) Boron(B) Iron(I) Chromium(Cr) Manganese(Mn) Cobalt(Co) Fluorine(F) Molybdenum(Mo) Copper(Cu)

Question 9

Atoms

Answer 9

Smallest units of matter that retain properties and characteristics of the element. Smallest atoms are: Hydrogen atoms (diameter less than 0.1 nanometer)

Question 10

Subatomic Particles

Answer 10

compose individual atoms, there are 3 types:

a. Protons - (+) charged protons within the nucleus
b. Neutrons - uncharged or neutral; located within the nucleus
c. Electrons - tiny (-) charged electrons

Question 11

Atoms consist of a nucleus that contains

Answer 11

protons, neutrons, and electrons that move about the nucleus

Question 12

Electron Shells

Answer 12

Specific groups of electrons that move about within certain regions around the nucleus; electrons revolve around the nucleus . Each shell holds a specific number of electrons:

First shell - 2 (max)
Second shell - 8 (max)
Third Shell - 18 (max)

The number of electrons in an atom of a neutral element ALWAYS = the number of protons

Question 13

Atomic Number

Answer 13

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Since all atoms are electrically neutral the atomic number = the number of electrons in each atom

Question 14

Mass Number

Answer 14

the sum of an atoms protons and neutrons

Question 15

Isotopes

Answer 15

atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons, but same number of protons, and therefore different mass numbers

-stable isotopes do not change their nuclear structure overtime

Question 16

Radioactive Isotopes

Answer 16

unstable; their nuclei decay (spontaneously change) in order to form a more simpler and stabler configuration
- They can be used to study the structure and function of particular tissues

Question 17

Half-life

Answer 17

the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form

Question 18

Dalton or Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

Answer 18

the standard for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles:

• neutron: 1.008 daltons
• proton: 1.007 daltons
• electron: 0.0005 daltons

Question 19

Atomic Mass or Atomic Weight

Answer 19

the average mass of an elements naturally occurring isotopes; atomic mass is typically close to the mass of the most abundant isotope

Question 20

Ion

Answer 20

an atom that either gives up or gains electrons; a particle with a (+) or (-) charge because of unequal numbers of protons and electrons

ex. Ca^2+

Question 21

Molecule

Answer 21

when 2 or more atoms sharing electrons

ex. H2O or O2

Question 22

Ionization

Answer 22

the process of giving up or going electrons

Question 23

Compound

Answer 23

a substance that contains atoms of 2 or more different elements

ex. water (H2O) or sodium chloride (NaCl)

Question 24

Free Radical

Answer 24

an atom or group of atoms with an unaired electron in the outermost shell

• having a unpaired electron makes the free radical unstable, highly reactive, and destructive to nearby molecules
• they become stable by either giving up an electron or taking one from another molecule

Question 25

Clinical Connection: Free Radicals and Antioxidants

Answer 25

Disorders and diseases linked to oxygen-derived free radicals are: cancer, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Emphysema, diabetes mellitus, cataracts, macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, and deterioration associated with aging