Chemical Bonding Flashcards
Chemical bonding
Chemical bonding refers to the formation of a chemical bond between two or more atoms, molecules or ions to give rise to a chemical compound
Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond indicates the sharing of electrons between atoms. Compounds that contain carbon (also called organic compounds) commonly exhibit this type of chemical bonding. The pair of electrons which are shared by the two atoms now extend around the nuclei of atoms, leading to the creation of a molecule.
Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond indicates the sharing of electrons between atoms. Compounds that contain carbon (also called organic compounds) commonly exhibit this type of chemical bonding. The pair of electrons which are shared by the two atoms now extend around the nuclei of atoms, leading to the creation of a molecule.
Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding which involves a transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another. Here, an atom loses an electron, which is, in turn, gained by another atom. When such an electron transfer takes place, one of the atoms develops a negative charge and is now called the anion.
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen Bonding
Compared to ionic and covalent bonding, Hydrogen bonding is a weaker form of chemical bonding. It is a type of polar covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen, wherein the hydrogen develops a partial positive charge. This implies that the electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative oxygen atom.
Polar Covalent Bonding
Polar Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonds can be either polar or non-polar in nature. In polar covalent chemical bonding, electrons are shared unequally since the more electronegative atom pulls the electron pair closer to itself and away from the less electronegative atom. Water is an example of such a polar molecule.
Koeppen’s Climate Classification
Koeppen’s Classification of climate is the most commonly used classification of climate.
This climate classification scheme was developed by Wladimir Peter Koeppen in 1884.
He recognized a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate.
The categories are based on the data of annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation.
He selected specific values of temperature and precipitation and related them to the distribution of vegetation and used these values for classifying the climates.
The Koeppen climate classification system recognizes five major climatic types and each type is designated by a capital letter- A, B, C, D, E, and H
Koeppen’s Climate Classification
Group Characteristics
A- Tropical The average temperature of the coldest month is 18° C or higher
B- Dry Climates Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation
C- Warm Temperate The average temperature of the coldest month of the (Mid-latitude) climates years is higher than minus 3°C but below 18°C
D- Cold Snow forest The average temperature of the coldest month is minus 3° C or below
E- Cold Climates Cold Climates Average temperature for all months is below 10° C
H- Highlands Cold due to elevation
Climatic Types According to Koeppen
Koeppen
Group Type Letter Code Characteristics
A-Tropical Humid Climate Tropical Wet
Tropical Monsoon
Tropical wet and dry
Af
Am
Aw
No dry season
Monsoonal, Short dry season
Winter dry season
B-Dry Climate Subtropical Steppe
Subtropical Desert
Mid-latitude Steppe
Mid-latitude Desert
BSh
BWh
BSk
BWk
Low-latitude semi-arid or dry
Low-latitude arid or dry
Mid-latitude semi-arid or dry
Mid-latitude arid or dry
C-Warm temperate Climates Humid subtropical
Mediterranean
Marine west coast
Cfa
Cs
Cfb
No dry season
Dry hot summer
No dry season, warm and cool summer
D- Cold Snow-forest Climates Humid Continental Subarctic Df
Dw
No dry season, severe winter
Winter dry and very severe
E-Cold climates Tundra
Polar ice cap
ET
EF
No true summer
Perennial ice
Climatic Types According to Koeppen
Koeppen
Group Type Letter Code Characteristics
A-Tropical Humid Climate Tropical Wet
Tropical Monsoon
Tropical wet and dry
Af
Am
Aw
No dry season
Monsoonal, Short dry season
Winter dry season
B-Dry Climate Subtropical Steppe
Subtropical Desert
Mid-latitude Steppe
Mid-latitude Desert
BSh
BWh
BSk
BWk
Low-latitude semi-arid or dry
Low-latitude arid or dry
Mid-latitude semi-arid or dry
Mid-latitude arid or dry
C-Warm temperate Climates Humid subtropical
Mediterranean
Marine west coast
Cfa
Cs
Cfb
No dry season
Dry hot summer
No dry season, warm and cool summer
D- Cold Snow-forest Climates Humid Continental Subarctic Df
Dw
No dry season, severe winter
Winter dry and very severe
E-Cold climates Tundra
Polar ice cap
ET
EF
No true summer
Perennial ice
