CHEM/PHYS Flashcards
Electrophiles are also Lewis (acids/bases)
Lewis Acids
Substitution and elimination reactions favor the formation of..
a weak base, that is low energy and stable alone
Common good leaving groups
Water, esters, halides
How can a poor leaving group be turned into a good leaving group
Poor leaving groups are typically strong bases, adding a strong acid can make it a better leaving group
Nucleophiles are also Lewis (acids/bases)
Lewis Bases
Anions tend to be (nucleophiles/electrophiles)
Nucleophiles due to there ability to donate electrons
Cations tend to be (nucleophiles/electrophiles)
Electrophiles due to their ability to accept electrons
Bronsted-Lowery Acids are characterized by
Ability to donate protons
Bronsted-Lowery Bases are characterized by
Ability to accept protons
How are Ka values associated with acid strength
The larger the Ka the stronger the acid
pKa and Ka relationship
pKa and Ka are inversely related. As Ka goes up, pKa goes down
How is stability related to acid strength?
The more stable the conjugate base, the more acidic it is.
Polar protic solvents nucleophilicity
Increases down the periodic table, F<Cl<Br<I
Polar aprotic solvents nucleophilicity
Increases up the periodic table I<Br<Cl<F
When Primary alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized with STRONG oxidizing agents they become…
Carboxylic acids
Secondary alcohols that are oxidized will become…
Ketones
Common weak oxidizing agents
PCC
Aldehydes that are reduced will become…
Primary alcohols
Ketones that are reduced will become…
Secondary alcohols
Esters and carboxylic acids reduced with a strong reducing agent will become…
Primary alcohol and one other product
Common weak reducing agent
NaBh4
Common strong reducing agent
LiAlH4
Alcohols can become… to be better leaving groups
Mesylates or tosylates
Tollens’ reagent is typically used for
Oxidation of sugars
Ksp is equal to
concentration of products
Keq equals
Concentration of products/concentration of reactants
DeltaG equals
DeltaH-TDeltaS
Delta G and Keq relationship
They have an inverse relationship
Power equation
P=work/time
Electric power equation
P=IV
Phase change equation
Q=mL
Specific heat capacity equation
Q=mcDeltaT
Buoyant force equation
Fb=pgv
Northern blot analyzes
RNA
Southern Blot analyzes
DNA
Western Blot analyzes
Protein
What can cause a right shift on an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Increased pCO2, Acid, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, Temp
Kw can be found with what equation
Kw=Ka x Kb
Index of refraction formula
n=c/v
The focal length of a spherical mirror can be found with what equation
F=1/2r
Real images are always
Inverted and in diverging systems
Virtual images are always
Upright and in converging systems
OH groups on IR spec show up as
broad peak at 3500-3100
NH groups show up on IR spec as
Multiple sharp peaks at 3500-3100
C=O groups on IR spec show up as
Single sharp peak at 1750-1700
Aromatic hydrogens on NMR spec are usually in what region
6-10ppm region
Aldehyde hydrogens are usually on NMR spec in what region
9-10ppm region
COOH hydrogen are usually on NMR spec in what region
10-12ppm region
Nonpolar/ Hydrophobic amino acids
Glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline
(GLACIERS in ALASKA VALIANTLY LOCATE ISOLATED PROWLERS)
Aromatic amino acids
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan
(the aroma of Fine PINE and Yellow TIMBER are Worth the TRYP)
Alcohol containing amino acids
serine and threonine
(Alcohol is a SERIOUS THREAT)
Basic amino acids
Histidine, Lysine, Arginine
(Basically, HIS LOST Kid ALWAYS Returned)
Sulfur containing amino acids
Methionine and cysteine
(METHODICALLY CHECK the path for Sulfur)
Acidic Amino acids
Aspartic acid and glutamic acid
(As Peter digested the glue, his stomach became acidic)
Amide amino acids
Asparagine and glutamine
(Amid his neatly stacked asparagus is a glutinous quail)
Resistance equation
R=pL/A
