Chem/Phys Flashcards
How do competitive inhibitors compete and how do they affect Km and Vmax?
A competitive inhibitor attaches directly to the active site of the enzyme. This decreases substrate affinity, increasing Km and Vmax stays the same
Explain how a competitive inhibitor changes the slope and y-intercept of an enzyme on a lineweaver-burk plot
In competitive inhibitors, the slope of the graph increases, the x-intercept (Km) shifts to the right, and the y-intercept (Vmax) is unchanged.
What type of inhibitor reduces both Km and Vmax? How does it compete?
Uncompetitive inhibitors increase the enzymes affinity for its substrate thus decreasing Km and decrease the reaction velocity reducing Vmax
Explain the effect of noncompetitive inhibitors on Km and Vmax
Noncompetitive inhibitors do not affect the enzyme affinity for substrate (Km) but they do decrease the velocity (Vmax) of the reaction
What is the formula for electrical resistance
V=IR, V = voltage drop, I = current, R = magnitude of the resistance,
How does temperature change resistance?
conductors have higher resistance at greater temperatures because of an increase of thermal oscillation of atoms
Explain the relationship between ionization energy, electronegativity, and reduction potential.
They are all directly related to each other and directly related to Zeff
What is ionization energy?
The energy needed to remove one electron
Reduction Potential is a measure of what?
amount of electrical potential
What is electronegativity?
Measure of attraction of an atom for electrons in a bond
What is the difference between first order and second order reaction?
First order reaction only depends on the concentration of one reactant while second order reactions depend on concentration of multiple reactants
Explain the difference between solubility product and equilibrium of a reaction (Keq vs. Ksp)
Solubility product on includes the concentration of products because pure solids are excluded, Equilibrium Keq, is equal to concentration of products divided by the concentration of reactants
What is molar solubility
molar solubility is the number of moles of a substance per liter of solution needed to reach equilibrium.
When Keq > 1 what does that mean for the reaction?
The reaction favors products over the reactants, Delta G will be < thus the reaction is spontaneous
How can catalysts change the rate of reaction?
Catalysts increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy. However, catalysts do not change the equilibrium constant because they are not consumed during the reaction
Ligases
catalyze condensation reaction coupled with hydrolysis of high energy molecules
Isomerases
catalyze transfer of of groups within a molecule, producing isomers
Lyases
catalyze reactions where functional groups are added to double bonds, or double bonds are added from removing functional groups
Hydrolases
catalyze reactions that involve hydrolysis
Oxidoreductases
catalyze redox reactions where electrons are transferred
Transferase
catalyst the transfer of functional groups
What is kinetic energy and what is its formula?
kinetic energy is used to describe the energy of an object in motion, K = 1/2mv^2
What is gravitational potential energy and what is the formula for it?
potential energy is used to describe the internal energy of an object, U = mgh
If the mass of an object changes by a factor of 3, how does that affect its potential energy?
the GPE will change by a factor of 3 as well
What is elastic potential energy and how is it different from gravitational potential energy.
Elastic potential energy takes into account the energy of a spring or elastic force, U = 1/2kx^2
How are potential energy and kinetic energy related?
the sum of potential and kinetic energy will give the total mechanical energy of the system, also conservation of mechanical energy is determined by this sum
How are conservative and nonconservative forces different?
conservative forces do not change the energy within the system this includes, gravitational and elastic forces. Nonconservative forces have a net change in energy and include frictional forces and air resistance.
How do PV graphs give a measure of work?
Th area of the x-axis (volume) and y axis (pressure) gives the work measure
What is power and how is it measured?
Power is the rate of energy that is transformed in a system, P=W/t=DeltaE/t
What is the measure for electric power?
P=IV
