Chem/Phys

Question 1

How do competitive inhibitors compete and how do they affect Km and Vmax?

Answer 1

A competitive inhibitor attaches directly to the active site of the enzyme. This decreases substrate affinity, increasing Km and Vmax stays the same

Question 2

Explain how a competitive inhibitor changes the slope and y-intercept of an enzyme on a lineweaver-burk plot

Answer 2

In competitive inhibitors, the slope of the graph increases, the x-intercept (Km) shifts to the right, and the y-intercept (Vmax) is unchanged.

Question 3

What type of inhibitor reduces both Km and Vmax? How does it compete?

Answer 3

Uncompetitive inhibitors increase the enzymes affinity for its substrate thus decreasing Km and decrease the reaction velocity reducing Vmax

Question 4

Explain the effect of noncompetitive inhibitors on Km and Vmax

Answer 4

Noncompetitive inhibitors do not affect the enzyme affinity for substrate (Km) but they do decrease the velocity (Vmax) of the reaction

Question 5

What is the formula for electrical resistance

Answer 5

V=IR, V = voltage drop, I = current, R = magnitude of the resistance,

Question 6

How does temperature change resistance?

Answer 6

conductors have higher resistance at greater temperatures because of an increase of thermal oscillation of atoms

Question 7

Explain the relationship between ionization energy, electronegativity, and reduction potential.

Answer 7

They are all directly related to each other and directly related to Zeff

Question 8

What is ionization energy?

Answer 8

The energy needed to remove one electron

Question 9

Reduction Potential is a measure of what?

Answer 9

amount of electrical potential

Question 10

What is electronegativity?

Answer 10

Measure of attraction of an atom for electrons in a bond

Question 11

What is the difference between first order and second order reaction?

Answer 11

First order reaction only depends on the concentration of one reactant while second order reactions depend on concentration of multiple reactants

Question 12

Explain the difference between solubility product and equilibrium of a reaction (Keq vs. Ksp)

Answer 12

Solubility product on includes the concentration of products because pure solids are excluded, Equilibrium Keq, is equal to concentration of products divided by the concentration of reactants

Question 13

What is molar solubility

Answer 13

molar solubility is the number of moles of a substance per liter of solution needed to reach equilibrium.

Question 14

When Keq > 1 what does that mean for the reaction?

Answer 14

The reaction favors products over the reactants, Delta G will be < thus the reaction is spontaneous

Question 15

How can catalysts change the rate of reaction?

Answer 15

Catalysts increase reaction rate by lowering the activation energy. However, catalysts do not change the equilibrium constant because they are not consumed during the reaction

Question 16

Ligases

Answer 16

catalyze condensation reaction coupled with hydrolysis of high energy molecules

Question 17

Isomerases

Answer 17

catalyze transfer of of groups within a molecule, producing isomers

Question 18

Lyases

Answer 18

catalyze reactions where functional groups are added to double bonds, or double bonds are added from removing functional groups

Question 19

Hydrolases

Answer 19

catalyze reactions that involve hydrolysis

Question 20

Oxidoreductases

Answer 20

catalyze redox reactions where electrons are transferred

Question 21

Transferase

Answer 21

catalyst the transfer of functional groups

Question 22

What is kinetic energy and what is its formula?

Answer 22

kinetic energy is used to describe the energy of an object in motion, K = 1/2mv^2

Question 23

What is gravitational potential energy and what is the formula for it?

Answer 23

potential energy is used to describe the internal energy of an object, U = mgh

Question 24

If the mass of an object changes by a factor of 3, how does that affect its potential energy?

Answer 24

the GPE will change by a factor of 3 as well

Question 25

What is elastic potential energy and how is it different from gravitational potential energy.

Answer 25

Elastic potential energy takes into account the energy of a spring or elastic force, U = 1/2kx^2

Question 26

How are potential energy and kinetic energy related?

Answer 26

the sum of potential and kinetic energy will give the total mechanical energy of the system, also conservation of mechanical energy is determined by this sum

Question 27

How are conservative and nonconservative forces different?

Answer 27

conservative forces do not change the energy within the system this includes, gravitational and elastic forces. Nonconservative forces have a net change in energy and include frictional forces and air resistance.

Question 28

How do PV graphs give a measure of work?

Answer 28

Th area of the x-axis (volume) and y axis (pressure) gives the work measure

Question 29

What is power and how is it measured?

Answer 29

Power is the rate of energy that is transformed in a system, P=W/t=DeltaE/t

Question 30

What is the measure for electric power?

Answer 30

P=IV