Chem Chapter 2- Kinetic Particle Theory Flashcards
What is the particle arrangement and movement of a solid
Very closely packed together in an orderly manner
Vibrate about fixed positions
What is the particle arrangement and movement of a liquid
Closely packed in a disorderly manner
Slide past each other freely
What is the particle arrangement and movement of a gas
Very far apart in a disorderly manner
Moves more quickly and randomly
How strong are the forces of attraction in a solid?
Very strong
How strong are the forces of attraction in a liquid?
Less strong
How strong are the forces of attraction in a gas?
Very weak
Describe the shape, volume and compressibility of a solid
Definite
Definite
Cannot be compressed
Describe the shape, volume and compressibility of a liquid
Indefinite
Indefinite
Cannot be compressed
Describe the shape, volume and compressibility of a gas
Indefinite
Indefinite
Can be compressed
State the amount kinetic energy of particles acting on a solid, liquid and gas
Very low
Low
High
What happens when a substance is heated?
As a substance is heating, thermal energy is transferred into its particles
Some energy is converted into kinetic energy of the particles
The higher the kinetic energy of the particles, the faster the speed of the particles
Thus, resulting in increase of temperature
What happens when a substance is cooled?
Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy of particles
Thermal energy is transferred to the surroundings
The particles slow down as the particles lose their kinetic energy
Thus, resulting in a decrease in temperature
What happens during melting at its solid state
solid
Thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy of particles
Particles vibrate and rotate faster about their fixed positions
Temperature rises until melting point
What happens during melting at its solid-liquid state?
solid-liquid
Thermal energy absorbed from surroundings
Particles move in a disorderly manner
Temperature remains constant at melting point until all substance has melted into liquid
What happens during melting at its liquid state?
Thermal energy converts to kinetic energy of particles
Particles slide past each other freely while closely packed in a disorderly manner
Temperature rises beyond melting point
What happens during freezing at its liquid state
kinetic energy of the particles is converted into thermal energy of particles
Thermal energy is transferred to the surroundings
Particles slow down as they lose kinetic energy
Temperature reduces to freezing point
What happens during freezing at its solid-liquid state
Particles lose energy
Temperature is at freezing point
Particles are closely packed together
Substance is at a constant temperature
What happens during freezing at its solid state
Kinetic energy of particles is converted into thermal energy of the particles and transferred to the surroundings
Particles vibrate about their fixed positions
Temperature reduces below melting point
What happens during expansion
When solid is heated below its melting point, particles cannot spread out freely as they are closely held to each other strongly by the forces of attraction
Particles vibrate more quickly about their fixed positions and have a wider spacing between each other
What happens during contraction
When a solid is cooled, thermal energy is lost to the surroundings
Particles have lesser kinetic energy
Thus they vibrate slower and come closer to each other
What is the relationship between the amount of kinetic energy acting on particles and the speed of the particles
The higher the amount of kinetic energy acting on the particles, the faster the speed of the particles
Name the three differences between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation occurs at the surface of the liquid but boiling occurs throughout the liquid
Evaporation occurs slowly but boiling occurs rapidly
Evaporation occurs at a temperature below boiling point but boiling occurs at boiling point
What happens during evaporation?
At the surface of the liquid in contact with air, some particles have enough energy to overcome forces of attraction and “ escape “ the liquid as vapour
What happens during boiling at its liquid state?
Thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy of particles and particles slide past each other with increasing speed
What happens during boiling at its liquid - gas state?
Thermal energy is absorbed from surroundings and temperature of liquid is at boiling point
Particles with increased energy can overcome the forces of attraction in liquid state
Particles move further apart, quickly and randomly
Both liquid and gas present
Temperature remains constant
What happens during boiling at its gas state?
All liquid boiled off and thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy of particles
Particles move quickly and randomly in any direction
Temperature rises beyond boiling point
What happens during condensation at its gas state
Kinetic energy of the particles is converted to thermal energy that is transferred to the surroundings
The particles slow down as there lesser kinetic energy
Temperature of gas reduces to boiling point
What happens during condensation at its liquid - gas state
Particles lose energy to the surroundings at condensation temperature
Particles with lesser energy become closer together by the forces of attraction
Particles become more orderly
Both gas and liquid present
Temperature is constant
What happens during condensation at its liquid state
After all gas condensed, kinetic energy of particles converted to thermal energy which was transferred to the surroundings
Particles slide past each other freely
Temperature is below boiling point
What is sublimation?
The process by which a solid changes directly into a gas
What happens during vapour deposition?
Gas particles are cooled until they slow down and arrange themselves into the solid state
Particles transfers thermal energy to the surroundings making it warmer and so the gas cools down to become a solid
The particles go from moving quickly and randomly while being very far apart in a disorderly manner to very closely packed in an orderly manner and vibrating about fixed positions
