chem Flashcards
Atom
אטום
the smallest unit
Ion, cation, anion
Element with electric charge (that gains or lost e)
Anion - Negative ion
Cation - positive ion
יון, קטיון, אניון
Compound
Made of Identical molecules
תרכובת
mixture, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture
תערובת, תערבות הומוגנית, תערובת היטרוגנית
Made of different molecules.
Homo - same composition in each sample of matter
Hetro- different composition in different samples
Atomic number
מספר אטומי
the number of p
mass number
מספר מסה
the number of p + N
isotops
איזוטופים
the same element with different amounts of n (mass number)
sub-particles
תת חלקיקים
P,e,n
vibration
ויברציה
Kind of movement.
In solid, liquid, gas
rotation
רוטציה
Kind of movement.
In liquid, gas
translocation
תעתוק
Kind of movement.
In gas
reactants
מגיבים
products
תוצרים
Open system, closed system, isolated system
מערכת פתוחה, סגורה, מבודדת
Open - transition of heat and matter
Closed - transition of heat
Isolated - without transition
state/phase of matter
מצבי צבירה
Gas, liquid, solid
Evaporation
רתיחה
Boiling
Transition from liquid to gas
Condensation
התעבות
Transition from gas to liquid
Deposition
ריבוץ
Transition from gas to solid
Sublimation
המראה
Transition from solid to gas
Orbital
אורביטל
Area around the nucles in which e may be found.
Each contains 2 e maximum
Shells, valance shell, sub-level
Energy levels of e. They are located at a different distance from the nucles.
Sub levels - s (1,2,3,4) one orbital, p (2,3,4) 3 orbitals, d (3,4) 5 orbitals, f (4) 7 orbitals.
Valance shell - the last occupied shell.
Aufbau principle
e occupy the lowest energy shell available
Pauli principle
Each orbital can hold only 2 in opposite spin (up, down)
Hund’s rule
חוק האוטובוס
Orbitals with the same energy are each half filled before one of them is completely occupied.
Stable configuration
סידור יציב
When the orbitals are full (or half full).
Requires more energy in order to change stable configuration.
Ground state, excited state
Normal configuration. Unstable configuration (regular configuration)
Shielding
מיסוך
When the inner shells of e prevent the outer Shells e from feeling the full positive charge of the nucles.
Effective nuclear charge
The charge felt by the higher Shells (after sheilding)
Zeff = nuclear charge - inner Shells e
groups, periods, blocks
טורים, שורות, גושים בטבלה המחזורית
Alloys
סגסוגות
A combination of metals with metal or with non metal
Luster
ברק
Density
צפיפות
The amount of particles per uint area.
Conductor/conductive
conductivity
מוליך
מוליכות
(Of heat and electricity)
Britle
שברירי
(Usually, non metals are britle)
Metaloids
Some properties of metals and some of non metal.
Si, B
Elctronagativity
אלקטרונגטיביות
The tendency of an atom to attract e without making an ion
F>O>N
Electron affinity
זיקת לאלקטרון
The amount of energy released when an e is added to an atom in its gaseous state (making anion)
Ionization energy
אנרגית יינון
The amount of energy required to remove a valance shell e from an atom in its gaseous state (making cation)
Emit(s)
פולט
Intramuscular
תוך מולקולרי
Intermolecular
בין מולקולרי
Salt
Ionic coumpund
Polyatomic ion
יון פוליאטומי
Ion made of a molecule NH4+, OH-
Lattice
שריג (יוני, מתכתי…)
Ratio
יחס
Elemental state
When an atom “sees” only atoms of its own kind
(Cations in a metallic lattice)
Delocalized e
אלקטרונים חופשיים/ ים אלקטרונים
electrons are free to move throughout the structure, and gives rise to properties such as conductivity.
The octet rule
Atoms link in order to achieve a stable configuration (noble gas)
Bond order
The number of bonds between the atoms.
Triple, double, single
Polar bond
Pure bond
Non polar bond
קשר פולרי, טהור, לא פולרי
There is a big difference between the atoms’ elctronagativity (0.4<>2)
There is no difference between the atoms’ elctronagativity (0)
There is a small difference between the atoms’ elctronagativity (0.4>)
Dipole moment
קטבים זמניים
a creation of partial positive and partial negative charges on opposite atoms
of the bond.
coordinate bond
electron sharing in which both e come from the same atom
Giant covalent,
Allotrops
מולקולות ענק.
אלוטרופים.
Substances that are made of the same single element.
Like graphite, Dimond…
Temporary dipole
קטבים זמניים
Dipole in non polar bonds
Permenent dipole
קטבים קבועים
Dipole in polar bonds
Induced dipole
קטבים מושרים/מושפעים
occurs when an ion or another dipole from another molecule causes dipole in another molecule.
Donor and accepter (hydrogen bond)
the molecule with the hydrogen is the donor, and the other is the acceptor
Solubility
מסיסות
Hydrophobic,
hydrophilic
Does not Dissolves in water - הידרופובי
הידרופילי - Dissolves in water
Amphiphile
Half hydrophobic and half hydrophilic
Reduction
חיזור
Gaining e
Oxidation
חמצון
Losing e
Oxidant/ oxidizing agent
מחמצן
Reduction agent
מחזר
Reduction potential
The tendency to be reduced
Oxide
Compound of oxygen and another element
Oxidation state
Hypothetical charge that describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound
Radicals
רדיקלים
Chemical substances that have unpaired e
Antioxidants
נוגדי חמצון
They are giving electrons to free radicals without turning into free radicals themselves.
Precipitate
משקע
Ideal gases
גזים אידאלים
gases which follow the gas laws are known
as Ideal gases:
point molecules or atoms
Do not lose energy when collides,
with one another.
Boyle’s law
P{ 1/V
The proportion between pressure and volume
Charles law
T{ V
The proportion between temperature and volume
Gay lussac law
P{ t
The proportion between pressure and temperature
Avogadro’s law
V{ n
The proportion between moles and volume
Ideal gases law
Pv=nRt
Reaction rate
קצב תגובה
the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time.
Initial rate
The rate at t=0
Collision
התנגשות
Successful collision
states that when suitable particles of the reactant hit each other with the correct orientation (energy, geometry)
Transition state
transition state is a very short-lived configuration of atoms at a local energy maximum in a reaction-energy diagram (aka reaction coordinate).
Very unstable
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
Catalyst
allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism, which is much faster.
Elementary step
one step in a series of simple reactions that show the progress of a reaction
Intermediate
It is formed as the reaction product of an elementary step, but is consumed in a later step. It does not appear in the chemical equation for the overall reaction.
Equilibrium
שיווי משקל
state where there is no change in the concentration of the
reaction participants.
Rate forward reaction= Rate reverse reaction
Enthalpy
אנתלפיה
the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals the total content of heat of a system.
Exothermic
Endothermic
אקסותרמי - releases energy
אנדותרמי - absorbs energy
Equilibrium position
The ration [P]/[R]
Le chatelier’s principle
predicting the effect of changes in the equilibrium system.
The system readjust itself in order to offset the impact of the change.
Ionic bond
Bond based on electrical attraction between anions and cations
Metallic bond
Between metals.
Attraction between free (delocalized) e and the cations.
Covalent bond
Between non metals.
Based on e sharing , each atom shares one or more e with other atoms.
Salute
מומס
solvent
ממס
Volatilty
נדיפות
empirical formula
the simplest ratio of elements composing a chemical compound
Mass conservation
שימור המסה
Matter is not formed or destroyed
Limiting reagent
מגביל
When there is not enough of the substance to complete the chemical reaction, some of the (other) reagents remain unchanged.
Percentage yield
Tells how successful the reaction was by comparing the actual yield to the theoretical yield.
Dilution
מהילה
