Cardio Flashcards
what are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?
transport
protection
regulation
what are the 2 circulations in the cardiovascular system?
“pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation both of them together is a circuit.”
what’s a artery?
artery carries blood away from the heart
what’s a vein
vein carries blood toward the heart
what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
left artium, left ventricle, right artium, right ventricle
what kind of tissue is the blood?
specialized connective tissue
what are the 3 kinds of blood cells?
all the names
RBC - red blood cells - erythrocytes
WBC - white blood cells - leukocytes
platelets - thrombocytes
what is the size of erythrocyte?
7-8 um
Do matur mammalian erythrocytes have nuclei and mitochondrias?
why?
they lack both.
can not divide and don’t have genetic material and generate atp by fermentation. that leaves more space for Hb and increases the efficiency of oxygen transport.
where are RBCs produced? by what process?
in the bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis (in which hematopietic stem cells, HSC, divide. one daughter cell passes through several stages to become RBC).
what is the life span of erythrocyte?
short. less than 120 days.
what is the size of leukocytes?
6-20 um
what is the main function of WBCs?
fight infections from inside and outside the boody.
how many major types of WBCs are there?
5
what are lymphocytes? what are their size?
6-9 um
it’s a type of WBC responsible for immune responses against foreign substances.
when the body fights infection, do the number of WBC increase or decrease?
increase
can erythrocytes and leukocytes be found outside the circulation system?
erythrocytes can not.
leukocytes can.
what is the life span of leukocyte?
between hours to decades
do leukocytes contain mitochondria and nucleus?
yes
what is the size of thrombocytes? do they have organelles?
2-3 um
they do not have nucles but have mitochondria, ER, golgi.
what is the main function of platelets?
support blood clotting during the process of hemostasis.
why are there granules in thrombocytes?
the granules are filled with various chemical substances that help preform their function of blood clotting.
what does coagulation mean?
the conversion of the liquid components of blood into solid form - known as blood clot.
how is blood clot created?
platelets gather and adhere and release clotting factors. clotting factors activate other platelets and trigger a cascade of reaction leading to the conversation of inactive prothrombin into active enzyme thrombin. then the thrombin converts fibrinogen into non soluble protein fibrin. the fibrin aggregates into a framework and causes the blood clot.
on which vitamin the clotting factors are depend on?
vitamin K.
where are platelets produced?
in the bone marrow from extremely large cells known as megakaryocytes. megakaryocytes undergo fragmentation that results in the release of platelets.
what is the hormone controlling megakaryocytes development?
thrombopoietin - TPO
what is the hormone that stimulates the generation of erythrocytes? and in what mechanism?
erythropoietin - EPO - glycoprotein
feedback mechanism - if the O2 level falls, the kidneys synthesize and secrete erythropoietin.
what is anemia?
a condition of lower than normal erythrocytes or Hb levels that results in a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
how many Hb does one RBC carry?
250 millions
how many oxygen molecule does one Hb carry?
4
what are the components of plasma?
water 90%
proteins - 8%
ions
waste products
nutrients
gases
hormones
what is albumin?
plasma protein that is present in high concentrations.
transports hormones and fatty acids, buffers pH and maintains osmotic pressure between blood and interstitial fluid.
what are fibrinogens?
plasma proteins which are clotting factors that help to promote hemostasis.
what’s a gen suffix?
in inactive state
what are apolipoproteins
plasma proteins that transport lipids.
what is immunoglobulin?
known as antibodies. plasma protein that fight pathogens and other foreign substances.
what are the functions of inorganic salts in the plasma?
to act as a buffer and to help maintaining osmotic balance.
what is serum?
blood plasma without clotting factors.
what does determine the blood type?
the proteins found on the surface of the RBCs.
what are antibodies?
protective proteins produced by the immune system in respond to the presence of foreign substances.
what is agglutination?
clumping. when antibodies bind to antigen. distraction of the RBCs.
what are the 2 main group of the blood (antigens)?
ABO type and Rh type
do most people have Rh+ or Rh-?
Rh+
what type of antigen does AB type have?
both antigen A and antigen B
why can a person with AB blood type can receive blood from everyone?
he does not have neither antibodies A nor B
why can a person with O blood type can donate blood to everyone?
he does not have neither antigen A nor B
what’s a shortcut to Rh factor?
D
what are the three blood vessels?
arteries, veins and capillaries
describe a circulation (vessels)
left ventricle > aorta > arteries > Arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > venae cavae > right atrium