chem Flashcards
chemistry is concerned with
composition of substance and how they change in chemical reaction
biochemistry helps explain
physiological and disease processes
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass, matter is composed of element
-solids, liquids, and gases are matter
elements
simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties. 98 naturally occurring elements
atoms
smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element
bulk elements
required by the body in large amounts
-C, O, H, N,S, P
trace elements
required by the body in small amounts
-Fe, I
ultratrace elements
required by the body in very minute amounts (AS)
atoms are composed of the subatomic particles of
protons, neutrons and electrons
protons
carry a single positive charge
neutrons
carry no electrical charge
electrons
Carry a single negative charge
nucleus is the
central part of the atom composed of protons and neutrons and the electrons orbit the nucleus
ion
particle, formed from awn atom, that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons
molecule
particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element that has its unique atomic number and the number of protons is equal to the number of electron in the atom
ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
atomic weight
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom
isotopes
have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
radioactive isotopes are
unstable, and release energy or atomic fragments (radiation) until they gain stability
-some used to detect and treat disease
atomic weight is often considered the average of…
the atomic weights of all of its isotopes
radioactive iodine-131
used to destroy cancerous thyroid gland tissue, thyroid is the only part that actively transports and metabolizes iodine
radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma) is called
ionizing radiation, engirt can remove electron from atoms, resulting in the formation ions , the free electrons damage nearby atoms
compound
particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine
molecular formula
depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule
electrons of an atom occupy regions of space called
electron shells (energy shells)
ion
an atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable and has an atom
cation
a positively charge ion that forms when an atom LOSES an electron
anion
a negatively charged ion that is formed when an atom GAINS electrons
ionic bond
forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the attraction between a cation and an anion forms vey strong bonds
covalent bond
strong chemical bond formed when toms star electrons equally
structural formulas
show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules
-one line between atoms means that 1 pair of electrons are being shared (single bonds)
polar molecules
molecules with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end
unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
-water
hydrogen bond
a weak attraction between the slightly positive (H) end of the polar molecule and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule
chemical reactions occur when
chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions, or molecules
reactants
starting materials of a chemical reaction; the atoms, ions, or molecules
products
substance formed at the end of the chemical reactions
synthesis reaction
more complex structure is formed A+B =AB
decomposition reaction
chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure
AB= A+ B
exchange reaction
chemical bonds are broken and new bond are formed
AB+ CD= AD+ CB
reversible reaction
the products can change back to the reactants
A + B —— AB
electrolytes
substances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current, so it is called and electrolyte
acids
electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water
bases
substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions
salts
electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
the higher the H+ concentration the
lower the pH and the higher the acidity
the Lower the H+ concentration
the higher the pH and the lower the acidity
normal range of blood pH
7.35- 7.45
acidosis
when blood pH drops to 7.0-7.3
caused by vominting of alkaline intestinal contents, diabetes, lung disease with impaired Co2 exhalation n
alkalosis
occurs when blood pH rises to 7.5- 7.8
caused by high altitude breathing, vomiting of acidic stomach contents, high fever, taking excess antacids
buffers
chemicals which act to regulate pH by binding or released H+ ions
organic molecules contains
C and H
water- soluble organic compounds do not
realize ions, and are non- electrolytes
what are examples of organic molecules
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
inorganic molecules generally do not contain
C and H
examples of inorganic molecules include
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts
carbon dioxide
waste product release during metabolic reactions that must be removed from the body though exhaling
inorganic salts
abundant in body fluids and is the source of necessary ions such as Na+, CI-, K+, Ca+2
plays a role in metabolism
helps control h2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes
electrolyte balance exists when
gains equal losses `
carbohydrates are the
main source of cellular energy and supply materials to build cell structures, are water- soluble and contain C, H and )
monosaccarides
single sugars
glucose and fructose `
disaccharides
double sugars
sucrose and lactose
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates
stach, glycogen, cellulose
what is the function of carbohydrates?/
energy
lipids are insoluble in___ but soluble in
water, organic solvents
what do lipoids do
important component of the cell membrane
triglycerides
used for cellular energy and contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates
saturated fatty acids have a
single carbon-carbon bonds
solid at room temperature
animal origin
unsaturated fatty acids
one or more carbon- carbon double bond
liquid at room temperature
plant origin
a triglyceride is composed of ___ glycerol molecule and ____ fatty acids
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
phospholipids
consist of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate
major component of cell membranes `
the heads of phospholipids are
water- soluble (HYDROPHILLIC)
the tails of phospholipids are
water- insoluble, hydrophobic
steroids are 4 connected rings of
carbon
steroids synthesize what hormones?
adrenal and sex hormones
what is the main steroid in the body?
cholesterol
proteins serve as
structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes and antibodies
what are the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
an amino acid contains an
amino (-NH2) group a carboxyl (COOH) group and a R (side chain) group
amino acids are bound together by
peptide bonds
peptide = how many amino acids?
2- 100
polypeptide= how many amino acids?
100- thousands without a specific function
proteins= how many amino acids?
100- thousands with a specific function
what are the six function of proteins
structure - hair, nails, and skin
transport - hemoglobin
chemical messengers - hormones, neurotransmitters
movement - actin and myosin in skeletal muscle
defense- antibodies
catalyst- enzymes
primary structure of protein is the
amino acid sequence
secondary level of protein structures
pleated or twisted structure formed by hydrogen bonding between nonadjacent amino acids
tertiary protein structures
unique 3- dimensional folded shape of the protein
quaternary protein structures
formed by some proteins, when 2 or more polypeptide chains are connected to become 1 protein
what can denature a protein
extreme pH levels and temperature and harsh chemicals + high salt concentration
nucleic acids carry
genetic code (DNA) or aid in protein synthesis (RNA)
what are the building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
sugar, phosphate, and an organic base
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
a double chain of nucleotides
RNA (Ribonucleic acids)
single chain of nucleotides
DNA functions
stores genetic information
contains sugar
baseed a, t, c, g
double standed/ double heliz
sugar- deoxyribose
RNA function
interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis
contains the sugar ribose
bases, a,u,c,g
single stranded
hydrophilic means
soluble in water
lipophilic means
soluble in lipids
computerized tomography (CT)
use to visualize internal anatomy
uses X-rays to create a 3- dimensional image of soft tissues
differentiates tissues with slightly different densities
TUMORS
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
used radioactive isotopes that emit positrons to detect biochemical activity
USED TO DECTED VARIOUS BRAIN DISORDERS, BLOOD FLOW, NORMAL BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY
