Chatper 49 Excretory System Part 2

Question 1

Collectively, the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Answer 1

Urinary System

Question 2

Depending on size of the kidney, there can be several million similar, single-cell-thick structures. This is the structure that creates filtrate, and filters.

Answer 2

Nephrons

Question 3

Filtering process begins here. A filtrate from blood is formed that is free of cells and proteins. (A glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 3

Renal Corpuscle

Question 4

A cluster of capilleries. Each is supplied by blood under pressure by afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole. The capilleries contain tiny holes for rapid flow of plasma out of capillaries.

Answer 4

Glomerulus

Question 5

Brings blood to the glomerulus

Answer 5

Afferent Arteriole

Question 6

Takes blood away from the glomerulus.

Answer 6

Efferent Arteriole

Question 7

A fluid-filled space the bolmerulus resides in.

Answer 7

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 8

The segment of the tubule that drains the Bowman’s capsule. (close to bowman’s)

Answer 8

Proximal Tubule

Question 9

A long, hairpin-shaped loop consisting of a descending limb coming from the proximal tubule and an ascending limb. The filtrate is dumped into one of the collecting ducts in the kidney.

Answer 9

Loop of Henle

Question 10

Capillaries that carry away reabsorbed solutes and water from the filtrate in the nephron and return them to the bloodstream.

Answer 10

Vasa recta capillaries

Question 11

The Loop of Henle requires energy-dependent ion pumps to maintain the necessary concentration gradient. It reduces the final volume of urine produced and recaptures water along the osmotic gradient. (prevents dehydration)

Answer 11

Countercurrent multiplication system.

Question 12

Blood from the patient’s arteries is purified by redirecting it through a dialysis machine.Filters like a kidney.

Answer 12

Hemodialysis

Question 13

Salts and minerals that can conduct electrical impulses in the body. Common human electrolytes are sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and sodium bicarbonate.

Answer 13

Electrolytes

Question 14

What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous waste?

Answer 14

Ammonia—NH3
Urea
Uric Acid

Question 15

What is the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?

Answer 15

Osmoregulators control the amount of salt within their bodies.
Osmoconformers let the environment dictate the amount of salt within their bodies.

Question 16

List and describe Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, and Excretion.

Answer 16

Filtration—ions and other substances are separated from blood and plasma. They are filtered out.
Reabsorption—takes parts of the filtrate that is still needed in the body and returns those parts to the body.
Secretion—Some organs send substances directly to the kidney to be put directly into the urine without being filtered.
Excretion—expelling waste from the body to the external environment.

Question 17

Compare and contrast kidneys in Freshwater fish, Marine fish, and Desert mammals.

Answer 17

Fish barely have kidneys. Freshwater fish kidneys will work to remove excess water from the fish’s system and retain salt. Urine is hypoosmotic. Excretes ammonia.
Marine fish need water but filter out salt. Urine is hyperosmotic, Excretes ammonia.
Desert mammals water preservation is tantamount, urine is hyperosmotic, excretes urea. Drinks no water: very long loops of Henle; depends on water generated by cellular metabolism.

Question 18

How do insects secret waste?

Answer 18

In the Mapighian tubules resides the secretory system of an insect. Epithelial cells transport salts and uric acid into the tubule lumen from the hemolymph. Water enters the lumen by osmosis. The fluid moves into the hindgut (intestine and rectum), where salts and water are reabsorbed into the hemolymph. Wastes are excreted with feces through the nus.

Question 19

List and describe the vertebrate mechanism of osmoregulation.

Answer 19

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra.

Nephron, Renal corpuscle, Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, Proximal tube, Loop of Henle.