Chapter 48 Respiratory System Part 2

Question 1

List and describe the properties of gases

Answer 1

Pressure
Volume
Moles of molecules
Temperature
Gas is soluble.

Question 2

Describe the types of respiratory systems and how different animals conduct gas exchange. (5)

Answer 2

Gas exchange across body surface—Amphbians, marin reptiles, and some fish exchange gas over the surface of the skin.
External Gills—Uncovered extensions from the body surface with a large surface area in the form of extensive projections. They are ventilated when they wave back and forth through the water.
Internal Gills –These are enclosed in a protective cavity covered by a bony plate called operculum. This provides protection and makes the fish water-dynamic.
Tracheal System—In insects, oxygen is delivered directly to the muscles from the exterior world. Air comes in through spiracles. Arising from the spiracles are tracheae (tubes to transport air). The tracheae branch into smalled tubes called tracheoles. Their tips contact every cell in the body for oxygen exchange.
Lungs—Internal paired structures that arise during embryonic life from the pharynx (throat). All lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart and return oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Question 3

What are some differences between the avian and mammalian respiratory systems?

Answer 3

Avian lungs—the air flows in one direction, Blood flow is crosscurrent to airflow. Air sacs, controlled by chest muscles
Mammal lungs—The airflow is tidal, blood flows past a pool of air. Lungs, controlled by diaphragm.

Question 4

Define countercurrent exchange as it relates to gas exchange in fishes.

Answer 4

The blood flows against the current of the water. This allows a lot of surface area contact between blood and water to extract O2. Oxygen diffuses from the high O2 concentration of the water to the low concentration in the lamellae.

Question 5

List and describe the special adaptations for life at high altitudes.

Answer 5

Llamas have more hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Their heart and lungs are also large for their size allowing for a large capacity to inhale more gas and perform more gas exchange at once.

Question 6

Discuss two ways in which animals exchange gases in an aqueous environment.

Answer 6

Buccal pumping–(mouth) the muscles of the mouth and operculum of a fish create a hydrostatic pressure gradient for water to flow in one direction. (the fish opens and closes its mouth to push water through its gills)
Ram ventilation– Fish swim with their mouths open, in essence using their swimming muscles to bring water into the buccal cavity and from there across their gills. Most energy efficient.

Question 7

List and define the parts of the Mammalian respiratory systems..(7)

Answer 7

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, type 1 & 2 tissue, pleural sacs