Chapter 49 Excretory Systems

Question 1

Molecules that include nitrogen from amino groups (–NH2). These wastes are toxin at high concentrations and must be eliminated from the body, but cannot be eliminated through respiration.

Answer 1

Nitrogenous Waste

Question 2

The most toxic of the nitrogenous wastes because they disrupt pH, ion electrochemical gradients, and many chemical reactions that involve oxidations and reductions.

Answer 2

Ammonia

Question 3

Made by birds, insects, and most reptiles. Very energetically costly to synthesize. Has poor solubility so it is excreted with other waste and excess salts in a semi-solid, partly dried precipitate. Conserves water.

Answer 3

Uric Acid

Question 4

The solute concentration of a solution of water is expressed as milliosmoles/liter.

Answer 4

Osmolarity

Question 5

An animal that maintains stable inernal salt concentrations and osmolarities, even when living in water with very different osmolarities than its body fluids.

Answer 5

Osmoregulators

Question 6

An animal whose osmolarity conforms to that of its environment.

Answer 6

Osmoconformer

Question 7

An organ acts like a sieve or filter, removing some of the water and its small solutes from the blood, interstitial fluid, or hemolymph, while excluding blood cells and large solutes such as proteins.

Answer 7

Filtration

Question 8

The process of recapturing useful solute requires active transport pumps or other transport systems.

Answer 8

Reabsorption

Question 9

Some solutes are actively transported from the interstitial fluid surrounding the epithelial cells of the tubules into the tubule lumens.

Answer 9

Secretion

Question 10

The process of expelling waste or harmful materials from the body.

Answer 10

Excretion

Question 11

The material that passes through the filter and enters the excretory organ for either further processing or excretion.

Answer 11

Filtrate

Question 12

An organ acts like a sieve or filter, removing some of the water and its small solutes from the blood, interstitial fluid, or hemolymph, while excluding blood cells and large solutes such as proteins.

Answer 12

Filtration

Question 13

All mammals, most amphibians, some marine fishes, some reptiles, and some terrestrial invertebrates convert NH3 to this. Conserves water, but costs some energy to make.

Answer 13

Urea

Question 14

A condition characterized by the presence of nitrogenous wastes, such as urea, in the blood; typically results from kidney disease.

Answer 14

Uremia

Question 15

Flatworms, a series of branching tubules that filter fluids from the body cavity by means of ciliated cells that cap the ends of the tubule branches.

Answer 15

protonephridia

Question 16

Pairs of these are located in each body segment and consist of a tubular network that begins with a funnel-like structure called a nephrostome. It collects coelomic fluid through tiny pores that exclude large solutes.

Answer 16

metanephridia

Question 17

In insects, a series of narrow, extensive tubes arise from the midgut and extends into the surrounding hemolymph.

Answer 17

Malphigian Tubes

Question 18

In mammal kidneys, This forms a filtrate from blood that is free of cells and proteins.

Answer 18

Renal Corpuscle

Question 19

The major excretory organ found in all vertebrates.

Answer 19

Kidney

Question 20

Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Answer 20

Ureters