Chapter 48 Respiratory System Flashcards
Gas exchange
The process of moving O2 and CO2 in opposite directions between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.
Respiratory System
All of an animal’s structures that contribute to gas exchange.
Atmospheric pressure
The gases in the air exert pressure on the body surfaces of animals, although this pressure is generally not perceptible.
Partial pressure
The individual pressure of each gas in a mixture of gases. P
Ventilation
The process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a gas-exchange organ.
Lamellae
In fish, the main support structures of gills are gill arches, which contain gill filaments composed of these numerous platelike structures.
Counter-current Exchange
The arrangement for water to flow in the opposite direction of blood over gills for oxygen exchange.
Buccal Pumping
(mouth) the muscles of the mouth and operculum of a fish create a hydrostatic pressure gradient for water to flow in one direction. (the fish opens and closes its mouth to push water through its gills)
Ram ventilation
Fish swim with their mouths open, in essence using their swimming muscles to bring water into the buccal cavity and from there across their gills. Most energy efficient.
Tracheal System
In insects, oxygen is delivered directly to the muscles from the exterior world.
Spiracles
Running along the surface of both sides of an insect’s body are tiny openings to the outside.
Lungs
Internal paired structures that arise during embryonic life from the pharynx (throat).
Pharynx
In the back of the throat of mammals, a common passageway for air and food.
Larynx
The air passes from the pharynx through this tube, which also contains vocal folds.
Bronchi
Inhaled air moves down the trachea as it branches into two smaller tubes which lead to each lung.
Alveoli
The bronchioles empty into these saclike regions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Pleural Sac
Each lung is encased in a double layer of thin, moist tissue. Between the two layers of tissue is a microscopically thin layer of water that acts as a lubricant and to adhere the two layers together.
Tidal ventilation
When mammals exhale, air leaves via the same route that it entered during inhalation, and no new oxygen is delivered to the airways at that time. (air in and out like ebb and flow of tides.)
Surfactant
Type 2 cells of alveoli produce a mixture of proteins and amphipathic lipids (polar and nonpolar) to secrete it into the alveolar lument. There, it forms a barrier between the air and the fluid layer inside the alveoli to reduce surface tension in the alveolar walls, allowing them to remain open.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
If a human baby is born prematurely, sufficient surfactant may not be available, and many alveoli may collapse after birth. Can be alleviated by inserting a tube in the trachea and injecting synthetic surfactant.
Hemoglobin
The major iron-containing pigment that gives blood a red color when oxygen is bound.
Hemocyanin
In decapod crustaceans, arachnids, and many mollusks, the metal in their blood is copper. The copper-containing pigment gives the blood or hemolymph a bluish tint.
Respiratory pigments
The oxygen-binding proteins that have evolved in animals because they have a color (blue or red). In vertebrates, the pigments are contained within red blood cells, invertebrates have pigments in their hemolymph.
Emphysema
Extensive lung damage—generally from smoking. The disease reduces the elastic quality of the lungs and the total surface area of the alveoli, which cuts the rate of oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the circulation.
External gills
Uncovered extensions from the body surface with a large surface area in the form of extensive projections. They are ventilated by waving back and forth through the water.
Internal gills
These are enclosed in a protective cavity covered by a bony plate called operculum. This provides protection and makes the fish water-dynamic.
Tidal volume
The volume of air that is normally breathed in and out at rest. About 0.5 L in an average-sized human.
Sickle Cell Disease
A thymine is substituted for an adenine at one position in the hemoglobin gene resulting in a single amino acid substation. This produces an abnormal form of hemoglobin that tends to from polymers and precipitate under low pressure. The protein forms long fibrous strands that may permanently deform the red blood cell, making it less able to move smoothly through capillaries and can block blood flow.
Postive Pressure Filling
Frogs and most other amphibians gulp air and force it under pressure in to the lungs, as if inflating a balloon. They may do this many times in a row before exhaling.
Negative Pressure Filling
The mechanism by which reptiles, birds, and mammals ventilate their lungs. In this process the volume of the lungs expands, creating a decreased pressure that draws air into the lungs.
