Chapter 48 Respiratory System

Question 1

Gas exchange

Answer 1

The process of moving O2 and CO2 in opposite directions between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.

Question 2

Respiratory System

Answer 2

All of an animal’s structures that contribute to gas exchange.

Question 3

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 3

The gases in the air exert pressure on the body surfaces of animals, although this pressure is generally not perceptible.

Question 4

Partial pressure

Answer 4

The individual pressure of each gas in a mixture of gases. P

Question 5

Ventilation

Answer 5

The process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a gas-exchange organ.

Question 6

Lamellae

Answer 6

In fish, the main support structures of gills are gill arches, which contain gill filaments composed of these numerous platelike structures.

Question 7

Counter-current Exchange

Answer 7

The arrangement for water to flow in the opposite direction of blood over gills for oxygen exchange.

Question 8

Buccal Pumping

Answer 8

(mouth) the muscles of the mouth and operculum of a fish create a hydrostatic pressure gradient for water to flow in one direction. (the fish opens and closes its mouth to push water through its gills)

Question 9

Ram ventilation

Answer 9

Fish swim with their mouths open, in essence using their swimming muscles to bring water into the buccal cavity and from there across their gills. Most energy efficient.

Question 10

Tracheal System

Answer 10

In insects, oxygen is delivered directly to the muscles from the exterior world.

Question 11

Spiracles

Answer 11

Running along the surface of both sides of an insect’s body are tiny openings to the outside.

Question 12

Lungs

Answer 12

Internal paired structures that arise during embryonic life from the pharynx (throat).

Question 13

Pharynx

Answer 13

In the back of the throat of mammals, a common passageway for air and food.

Question 14

Larynx

Answer 14

The air passes from the pharynx through this tube, which also contains vocal folds.

Question 15

Bronchi

Answer 15

Inhaled air moves down the trachea as it branches into two smaller tubes which lead to each lung.

Question 16

Alveoli

Answer 16

The bronchioles empty into these saclike regions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Question 17

Pleural Sac

Answer 17

Each lung is encased in a double layer of thin, moist tissue. Between the two layers of tissue is a microscopically thin layer of water that acts as a lubricant and to adhere the two layers together.

Question 18

Tidal ventilation

Answer 18

When mammals exhale, air leaves via the same route that it entered during inhalation, and no new oxygen is delivered to the airways at that time. (air in and out like ebb and flow of tides.)

Question 19

Surfactant

Answer 19

Type 2 cells of alveoli produce a mixture of proteins and amphipathic lipids (polar and nonpolar) to secrete it into the alveolar lument. There, it forms a barrier between the air and the fluid layer inside the alveoli to reduce surface tension in the alveolar walls, allowing them to remain open.

Question 20

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Answer 20

If a human baby is born prematurely, sufficient surfactant may not be available, and many alveoli may collapse after birth. Can be alleviated by inserting a tube in the trachea and injecting synthetic surfactant.

Question 21

Hemoglobin

Answer 21

The major iron-containing pigment that gives blood a red color when oxygen is bound.

Question 22

Hemocyanin

Answer 22

In decapod crustaceans, arachnids, and many mollusks, the metal in their blood is copper. The copper-containing pigment gives the blood or hemolymph a bluish tint.

Question 23

Respiratory pigments

Answer 23

The oxygen-binding proteins that have evolved in animals because they have a color (blue or red). In vertebrates, the pigments are contained within red blood cells, invertebrates have pigments in their hemolymph.

Question 24

Emphysema

Answer 24

Extensive lung damage—generally from smoking. The disease reduces the elastic quality of the lungs and the total surface area of the alveoli, which cuts the rate of oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the circulation.

Question 25

External gills

Answer 25

Uncovered extensions from the body surface with a large surface area in the form of extensive projections. They are ventilated by waving back and forth through the water.

Question 26

Internal gills

Answer 26

These are enclosed in a protective cavity covered by a bony plate called operculum. This provides protection and makes the fish water-dynamic.

Question 27

Tidal volume

Answer 27

The volume of air that is normally breathed in and out at rest. About 0.5 L in an average-sized human.

Question 28

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 28

A thymine is substituted for an adenine at one position in the hemoglobin gene resulting in a single amino acid substation. This produces an abnormal form of hemoglobin that tends to from polymers and precipitate under low pressure. The protein forms long fibrous strands that may permanently deform the red blood cell, making it less able to move smoothly through capillaries and can block blood flow.

Question 29

Postive Pressure Filling

Answer 29

Frogs and most other amphibians gulp air and force it under pressure in to the lungs, as if inflating a balloon. They may do this many times in a row before exhaling.

Question 30

Negative Pressure Filling

Answer 30

The mechanism by which reptiles, birds, and mammals ventilate their lungs. In this process the volume of the lungs expands, creating a decreased pressure that draws air into the lungs.