Chatper 10: Physiology& Histology

Question 1

Acid mantle

Answer 1

Protective barrier made up of sebum, lipids, sweat, and water. Has an average pH 5.5 part of the skins natural barrier function.

Question 2

Barrier function

Answer 2

Protective barrier of the epidermis; the cot run and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration.

Question 3

Intercellular matrix

Answer 3

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from the water loss and irritation.

Question 4

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

Answer 4

Stimulates cells to reproduce and heal.

Question 5

Fibroblast

Answer 5

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins.

Question 6

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 6

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae.

Question 7

Langerhans immune cells

Answer 7

Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through lymph system.

Question 8

Pore

Answer 8

Tube-like opening for sweat glands on the epidermis

Question 9

Sebum

Answer 9

Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both skin and hair.

Question 10

Keratin

Answer 10

Fiberous protein of cells that is also the principle component of skin, hair, and nails; provided resiliency and protection.

Question 11

Epidermis

Answer 11

Outermost layer of skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum.

Question 12

Dermis

Answer 12

Also known as derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen and elastin below the epidermis.

Question 13

Subcutaneous layer

Answer 13

Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body.

Question 14

Reticular layer

Answer 14

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contain fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferous glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings.

Question 15

Papillary layer

Answer 15

Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis

Question 16

Stratum corneum

Answer 16

Also known as outermost layer of the epidermis; composed of corneocytes.

Question 17

Stratum granulosum

Answer 17

Also known as granular layer; layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with the keratin that resemble granules; replaces cells shed from the stratum corneum.

Question 18

Stratum lucidum

Answer 18

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

Question 19

Stratum germinativum

Answer 19

Also known as basal cell layer; active layer of epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth.

Question 20

Stratum spinosum

Answer 20

Also known spiny layer; layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins.

Question 21

Leukocytes

Answer 21

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies.

Question 22

Elastin

Answer 22

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness.

Question 23

Apocrine glands

Answer 23

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat.

Question 24

Eccrine glands

Answer 24

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skins surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles, secretions do not produce an offensive odor.

Question 25

Ceramides

Answer 25

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skins intercellular matrix and barrier function.

Question 26

Glycation

Answer 26

Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is the binding of protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as Advanced glycation end products. It alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.

Question 27

Telangiectasia

Answer 27

Capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin.

Question 28

Rosacea

Answer 28

Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing, telangiestasis, and in some cases, the formation of papules and pustules.

Question 29

Adipose tissue

Answer 29

A specialized connective tissue considered fat. Gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.

Question 30

Free radicals

Answer 30

Unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body; especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin.