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Characteristics of Life- cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 Characteristics of Life?

A
  1. Living things are composed of one or more cells
  2. All living things reproduce
  3. Capable of acquiring energy and basic materials
  4. Maintain homeostasis (balance)
  5. Capable of independent movement
  6. Able to move in response to changes in external environment
  7. Ability to adapt or evolve over time
  8. Ability to grow and develop over time
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2
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

The process of building up complex substances from similar substances (photosynthesis).

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3
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

The process of breaking down complex substances into similar substances to release energy (digestion).

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4
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

The science of identifying and classifying all organisms (both living and fossilized).

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5
Q

How do you properly write Binomial nomenclature?

A

The first name is the genus (group of organisms that are closely related) and the first letter must be capitalized. The second name is the species (group of organisms that look alike, specific to the organism) and is not capitalized. Both names must be in italics or underlined.

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6
Q

Who is the “Father” of taxonomy?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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7
Q

What are Taxonomic levels?

A

Species are grouped into levels. Each level is called a taxon (taxa).

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8
Q

What order are the Taxonomic ranks in?

A

Domain>Kingdom>Phylum>Class>Order>Family>Genus>Species

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9
Q

What are the Domains?

A

Archea, Bacteria and Eukarya

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10
Q

What is Genus?

A

A group of organisms that are closely related and have similar characteristics.

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11
Q

What is Species?

A

A group of organisms that look alike and are so similar that they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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12
Q

What is Morphology?

A

The structure or shape of organisms (Ex. body shape, size or structure).

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13
Q

What is Biological Species?

A

Organisms that have similar characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.

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14
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a species (Ex. using DNA analysis to find common ancestors).

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15
Q

What are the Kingdoms in the Domain Eukaryota?

A

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

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16
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

A smaller, simple type of cell that lacks a nucleus.

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17
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

A larger, complex type of cell that has a nucleus (multicellular).

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways scientists figure out the Shared Evolutionary History between organisms?

A
  1. Using anatomical evidence from living species to determine relationships among organisms.
  2. Focusing on the biochemistry of organisms and how they make proteins.
  3. Finding the degree of genetic similarity by comparing DNA.
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19
Q

What is a virus?

A

Very small particles (measured in nanometers) that are non-living but depend on the living.

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20
Q

What are the 2 main components of a virus?

A
  1. Nucleic Acid Core- genetic material consisting of either DNA or RNA.
  2. Capsid- protein outer coat that covers the nucleic acid core.
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21
Q

What are viruses that infect bacteria called?

A

Bacteriophages

22
Q

What are viruses specific to?

A

Organisms and cell type (Ex. polio only attacks nerve cells).

23
Q

What is host range?

A

The limited number of host species, tissues or cells that a virus can infect.

24
Q

Why are viruses considered non-living?

A

Viruses are non-cellular. They are made up of geometric shapes not cells with organelles.

25
What caused the discovery of viruses?
The invention of the electron microscope.
26
What are the 2 life cycles of a virus?
1. Lytic cycle (virus immediately infects the host cell). 2. Lysogenic cycle (lays dormant in the cell).
27
What are the 4 steps of the Lytic Cycle? Describe what happens in each. (ASAR)
1. Attatchment- Virus recognizes, attaches and injects whole virus or just DNA or RNA into the host cell. 2. Synthesis- Viral DNA or RNA instructs the cell to produce new virus parts. 3. Assembly- New virus parts are brought together and assembled into new viruses. 4. Release- New viruses are released from the infected cell and the cell dies. Extra- The lytic cycle may be completed in 25-45 mins and hundreds of new viruses are produced.
28
What are the steps of the Lysogenic Cycle?
1. Virus goes into a dormant stage. 2. Virus injects its DNA or RNA into the host cell but it does not take control. 3. Viral DNA becomes a part of the cell's DNA but the host cell does not die. 4. At some point because of some stimulation, the virus can be triggered to re-enter the Lytic Cycle.
29
What does an Oncolytic virus do?
Infects and destroys cancer cells.
30
What virus infects and destroys cancer cells?
An Oncolytic virus.
31
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes or can cause disease.
32
What is a vaccine?
A substance that stimulates immunity against a pathogen without causing the disease.
33
How long can measles remain in the air and what is the percent chance of becoming infected from someone?
The virus can remain in the air for 2 hours after the infected person leaves the room. If one person in the room has the virus, 90% of others in the same space will become infected.
34
About 30% of measles can develop one or more complications. What are some of them?
Pneumiona, Ear infections and Encephalitis.
35
Characteristics of Bacteria (Eubackria)
-Single-celled -Prokaryotes (no nucleus) -Cell organelles are not surrounded by membranes -DNA is made up of a single chromosome in a ring called a plasmid -Most reproduce asexually
36
What are the bacteria shapes?
-Coccus -Bacillus -Spirillum
37
What are the bacteria prefixes?
-1=mono -2=diplo Chain-shrepto Cluster-staphylo
38
What are Heterotrophs?
-Parasites (absorb nutrients from living organisms) -Suprobes (decay dead matter)
39
What are Autotrophs?
Use sunlight (cyanobacteria)
40
What is respiration?
-Occurs in the inner cell membrane -Aerobic Bacteria (need O2) -Anuerobic (no O2 needed)
41
Types of Reproduction?
Binary fusion> Asexual Conjuction> Sexual... leads to resistance to antibiotics Endospores>When conditions are unfavourable the bacteria forms a protective wall and lies dormant until conditions improve.
42
How to classify Eubacteria?
1. Gram Positive vs Gram Negative -Positive (stains purple and the cell wall contains peptidoglycan) -Negative (stains pink and does not contain peptidoglycan) 2. Shape -Spherical (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), & spiral. 3. Configuration -Some bacteria group together in colonies, they are visible growths of microorganisms
43
What are antibiotics?
Substances that stop or destroy microorganisms by attacking metabolic pathways in the bacteria (kills bacteria). Ex. penicillin
44
What is Penicillin?
Used to treat bacterial infections. Ex. pneumonia, scarlet fever, respiratory infections, etc.
45
What is Antibiotic Resistance?
Antibiotics kill the weaker strains of bacteria leaving the stronger strain.
46
Antibiotic use in Animals
Majority of antibiotics are used in livestock production. Used to treat/prevent disease and promote growth.
47
What are some helpful bacteria?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (changes nitrogen in the air to a usable form for plants). Bacteria in the Digestive System to help digest food (Ex. lactose intolerant occurs when your small intestines don't produce enough enzyme lactose)
48
Examples of Harmful Bacteria
-Strep Throat caused by streptococcus -Flesh-eating disease caused by streptococcus pyogenes
49
How can bacterial infections be prevented and treated?
>Immune System- cells & proteins which attack foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses >Non-specific Defense of infection- physical and chemical barriers, resident micro-organisms, inflammation, immune cells and proteins and fever. >Specific Immunity- antibodies, and memory cells (Ex. tetanus, we get a booster every 10 years).
50
What is a Protist?
A eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a fungus, plant or animal.
51
What are the characteristics of Protists?
-Most unicellular -Grouped in this kingdom because they don't fit anywhere else -Some are parasites -Most reproduce through binary fusion (asexual)

Biology (5 decks)

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