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Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we need food?

A

-Growth
-Maintenance of cells
-Energy

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2
Q

What is Endothermic?

A

Warm-blooded
Typically need to consume more nutrients to support loss of energy from maintaining body temperature.

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3
Q

What is Ectothermic?

A

Cold Blooded
Regulation of body temperature comes from sources in their environment and energy is not wasted in heating their body.

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4
Q

What is Digestion?

A

The process of breaking down food

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5
Q

How do Autotrophs obtain food?

A

Suspension feeding, Substrate feeding, Fluid feeding, and Bulk feeding.

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6
Q

What is Suspension feeding?

A

Suspended matter and food particles are filtered from water in the organism’s surroundings. (Whales or Clams).

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7
Q

What is Substrate feeding?

A

The organism lives on or in their food source and eats their way through it. (Caterpillars and Earthworms)

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8
Q

What is Fluid feeding?

A

Nutrients are obtained by sucking out the juices of other plants and animals. (Mosquitos and Hummingbirds)

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9
Q

What is Bulk feeding?

A

Obtaining food by eating pieces of other organisms or swallowing them whole. (Humans and Snakes)

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10
Q

What is Biological Macromolecules?

A

Made of smaller subunits, generally referred to as monomers.
Monomers then combine to form long chains called polymers

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11
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

Made of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Composed of monomers called monosaccharides (glucose, etc)
When two monosaccharides combine they form a disaccharide.
When many monosaccharides join they form a polysaccharide

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12
Q

What are the types of Carbohydrates?

A

Simple Sugars- Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Complex Sugars- Polysaccharides

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13
Q

What are Proteins?

A

Composed of long chains of amino acids (the monomer)
A linear chain of amino acids joined together is called a polypeptide

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14
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Made up of two types of monomers (3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

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15
Q

What are the types of Biological Macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acid

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16
Q

What are the types of food processing?

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Egestion

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17
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Process of taking food into the body

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18
Q

What are the types of Digestion?

A

Mechanical Breakdown and Chemical Breakdown

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19
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts
Speed up chemical reactions

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20
Q

What is Absorption?

A

The products of digestion are absorbed by the cells lining the digestive tract

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21
Q

What is Egestion?

A

The final stage in food processing is eliminating the passing of undigested material out of the digestive tract

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22
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

A

To provide materials to build cell membranes and provide quick energy for use by cells. Short term or long term energy storage

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23
Q

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

A

Monosaccharides are single-unit sugars, such as glucose.
Disaccharides are formed by a bond between two monosaccharides (sucrose)

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24
Q

How are macromolecules broken down for use in the body?

A

Macromolecules are broken down into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes which speed up the process of hydrolysis

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25
Q

If an athlete runs for 15mins which macromolecules are likely to break down first in the athletes body?

A

Carbohydrates

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26
Q

Which macromolecules would provide the greatest benefit as a long term energy storage molecule to a bird that migrates long distances?

A

Lipids

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27
Q

What are 3 of the factors of proteins in the human body?

A

They provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues and muscles; build and repair muscles and cell membranes; aid in muscle movements (contractions)

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28
Q

What are the digestion system structures?

A

Alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
Mouth or Oral Cavity
Amylase (Digestive enzymes)
Bolus-chewed up food and saliva
Epiglottis-blocks the windpipe while swallowing

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29
Q

What are the structures in the stomach?

A

Sphincters, lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter, pyloric sphincter

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30
Q

What is the physical digestion in the Small Intestine?

A

Peristalsis
Chyme-partially digested food, water and gastric juices

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31
Q

What is the chemical digestion in the small intestine?

A

Liver-secretes bile which breaks down food

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32
Q

What is the Small Intestine?

A

Nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream
Vill-small projections in the intestine to increase surface area

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33
Q

What is the Large Intestine?

A

Reclaims the water in waste

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34
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder

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35
Q

What is the Pancreas?

A

Located behind the stomach and extends laterally from the duodenum.
Secretes a number of substances essential to the digestive process.

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36
Q

What is the Liver?

A

Second largest organ in the human body
Makes bile to break down fat and remove what was filtered
Glucose warehouse

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37
Q

What is the Gall Bladder?

A

Located under the right lobe of the liver
Muscular sac that stores and concentrates the bile it receives from the liver

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38
Q

What is Glucose?

A

Many of the foods we eat are broken down during digestion to this simple sugar
Glucose is carried to every cell in our body by the bloodstream, where it is used as the source of energy for our bodies

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39
Q

What is Insulin?

A

This hormone is released into the blood when blood glucose levels are high.
It enables glucose to be transported into the cell in some tissues.

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40
Q

What is the Pancreas?

A

One of the major players in glucose homeostasis, the pancreas releases the hormones insulin that controls blood glucose.
High blood glucose triggers the pancreas to release insulin.

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41
Q

What does the Liver do for glucose and insulin?

A

This organ takes up glucose when levels are high.

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42
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability of the body to maintain balance and regulate internal conditions.

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43
Q

What is Insulin Resistance?

A

Cells in muscles, fat and liver quit responding to insulin.

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44
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease in which the body either cant produce insulin or cant properly use the insulin it produces.

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45
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Cant properly use the insulin made by their bodies or their bodies aren’t able to produce enough insulin.
Blood glucose levels are always high because of high insulin resistance and/or low insulin resistance.

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46
Q

How do Helicobacter pylori cause a bleeding ulcer?

A

Helicobacter pylori are bacteria that prevent mucus production in the walls of the digestive tract.
Without mucus, the acids in the stomach come in contact with and destroy the lungs of the stomach causing an ulcer to form.

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47
Q

What is constapation?

A

A condition where bowel movements are infrequent and strained.

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48
Q

What is Hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver.
Can be caused by contaminated water, infection through sexual contact or contact with infected blood.

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49
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

Chronic disease where scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and the liver stops functioning properly.
Caused by alcoholism.

50
Q

What is the difference between a traditional endoscope and a capsule endoscope?

A

Traditional is a tube that is put down the digestive tract to locate problems.
A capsule endoscope is a capsule that is swallowed and takes pictures.

51
Q

What are the 3 types of hepatitis and how are they contracted?

A

Hepatitis A- Drinking contaminated water
Hepatitis B- Sexual Contact
Hepatitis C- Contact with infected blood

52
Q

What is Respiration?

A

The biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by combing oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water and ATP (energy).

53
Q

What is Breathing?

A

The physical process when air is inhaled and exhaled through the lungs.
Inspiration–>the process of taking in air
Expiration–>the process of blowing out air

54
Q

What are the structures of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose and Mouth
Nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx
Trachea

55
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

Mucus and hairs trap dust, bacteria and other particles.
Air is also dampened and warmed keeping lungs from drying out.

56
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Passage way for air and food

57
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

Structures between the pharynx and trachea that contains the vocal cords.

58
Q

What is the Epiglottis?

A

Covers the entrance to the larynx and trachea.

59
Q

What is the Trachea?

A

Made of tough cartilage.
Cillia and mucus trap more pollutants and other particles.
Cillia sweeps them up the mouth to be coughed up or swallowed.

60
Q

What gases are exchanged during the process of respiration?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

61
Q

What are the 2 basic processes of breathing?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

62
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A Series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take up place within the cells is what provides energy for all cellular activities.

63
Q

What are the 2 main requirements for respiration?

A

A large enough respiratory surface to meet the body’s needs and a moist surface so oxygen and CO2 can dissolve.

64
Q

What are the 4 types of respiratory surfaces that organisms use for gas exchange?

A

Outer skin-Oxygen diffuses into capillaries and CO2 diffuses out (live in damp conditions)
Gills-Oxygen in water diffuses over gills into capillaries and CO2 diffuses out.
Tracheal Systems-Oxygen enters through tubes called spiracles and diffuses into the trachea (Insect)
Lungs-Oxygen diffuses across the epithelium into capillaries (mammals)

65
Q

What would happen if the gills of fish were composed of very thick tissue instead of very thin tissue?

A

Gas exchange wouldn’t be so efficient because the gases would have to diffuse through more cell layers.

66
Q

What are 2 adaptations that enable organisms to carry out gas exchange in aquatic environments?

A

Gills and a counter-current exchange mechanism

67
Q

What respiratory challenges do land animals face that aquatic animals do not?

A

They must keep the respiratory surfaces moist

68
Q

Why is inspiration considered the active phase of ventilation and expiration the passive phase?

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract and are active during inspiration, but they relax and are passive during expiration

69
Q

What 2 structures control air pressure inside the lungs?

A

Diaphram and intercostal muscles

70
Q

How might a tear in the intercostal muscles affect breathing?

A

Torn intercostal muscles wouldn’t be able to relax as they normally do, which would result in ragged breathing as other muscles tried to compensate.

71
Q

What are the steps that occur during inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract, which lifts the rib cage up and out. Simultaneously the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. With an increased volume in the thoracic cavity, air pressure decreases, the walls of the lungs are drawn outward in the chest cavity and the lungs expand. This greater volume causes the pressure outside the body, and air rushes into the lungs.

72
Q

What structures are in the lower respiratory system?

A

Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli

73
Q

What are the Bronchi?

A

The trachea branches off into 2 bronchi.
Bronchus branches off into smaller tubes

74
Q

What are the Bronchioles?

A

The smallest and narrowest of these tubes

75
Q

What are the Alveoli?

A

Tiny balloon-like air sacks at the end of each bronchiole

76
Q

How does the Respiratory & Circulatory systems work together?

A

Each alveolus is surrounded by a mesh of blood vessels (capillaries) from the circulatory system.
Air in the alveoli has a greater concentration of O2 than in the blood.

77
Q

What is Breathing and what muscles control it?

A

2 sets of muscles control the air pressure within the lungs- The intercostal muscles and the Diaphram.
Gases such as air, always move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

78
Q

What is Inhalation?

A

Active process, requiring muscular contractions.
1). The diaphragm muscle contracts, moving down. The intercostal muscles between the ribs move the rib cage up and out, so the chest cavity gets bigger.
2). Higher pressure air from the atmosphere rushes in through the mouth and/or nostrils to equalize the pressure

79
Q

What is Exhalation?

A

A passive process where muscles relax.
1). The diaphragm relaxes and moves up and the rib cage moves down and in, so the chest cavity gets smaller.
2). Exhaled air is forced out under pressure.

80
Q

What are the functions of the nasal passages?

A

To warm, moisten and filter inhaled air.

81
Q

How and why is air warmed as it is inhaled through the nose?

A

Capillaries in the lining of the turbinates supply warm blood to the nasal passages to warm the air. This prevents damage to the structures in the lower respiratory tract.

82
Q

What is different between long vocal cords and short vocal cords?

A

Long vocal cords produce lower voice pitch than short vocal cords do.

83
Q

What happens when an individual’s trachea collapses?

A

The passage of air to the bronchi of the lungs would be blocked and the individuals would be unable to breathe.

84
Q

Why would a patient be unable to talk while they have a tube in their trachea?

A

The tube would prevent the passage of air through the larynx, where sound is produced.

85
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis and what would happen if the epiglottis did not function properly?

A

The epiglottis covers the glottis to prevent food from entering the trachea and moving into the lungs when a person is swallowing food. If the epiglottis did not work properly, food would enter the trachea and lungs. This would cause coughing and choking and could possibly lead to infections in the lungs and a reduced surface area for gas exchange.

86
Q

What are the 2 ways to increase the effectiveness of breathing?

A

Increase lung capacity and increase respiratory efficiency.

87
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing.

88
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity?

A

The max amount of air (in litres) that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after fully inhaling.

89
Q

What is Asthma?

A

Inflammation of the bronchi.
During an attack muscles contract and cells produce mucus which makes getting air even more difficult.
Starts in childhood, no cure but there is treatment.

90
Q

What is the asthma treatment?

A

Medication acts to relax bronchiole muscles opening the airways.
Treatment is a bronchodilator (puffer) causes airways to open by relaxing nearby muscles.

91
Q

What is Exercise-Induced Asthma?

A

People with have airways that are overly sensitive to sudden changes in temp and humidity, especially when breathing colder, drier air.

92
Q

What are tips for reducing the symptoms of exercise-inducing asthma?

A

Warm up before working out with gradual intensity.
Take precautions when its chilly outside, if its cold cover the mouth and nose to warm air.

93
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transports gases, nutrients and waste.
Regulates internal temp and transports substances vital to health across the body.
Protects against blood loss from injury and disease.

94
Q

What is the main difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

A

Open circulatory system- Vessels open into the animal’s body cavity.
Closed circulatory system- Circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from interstitial fluid.

95
Q

How does hemolymph in the open circulatory system of an insect move through its body?

A

In an open circulatory system of an insect, hemolymph is pumped through a single vessel by tubular hearts and is then pushed from one open space or chamber to the next by muscle contractions.

96
Q

What are the circulatory system functions?

A

Delivers water, nutrients, and oxygen to cells.
Removes CO2, heat and other wastes from cells.
Transports hormones.
Contains special cells that protect the body from disease.

97
Q

What are the 3 circulatory pathways?

A

Systemic pathway (to and form body’s organs)
Pulmonary pathway (to and from lungs)
Cardiac pathway

98
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries- Carries blood away from the heart
Veins- Carries blood from the body back to the heart
Capillaries- The link between artery and vein

99
Q

What is Pulse?

A

The regular dilation of an artery the results from beating of the heart.

100
Q

What can impact our heart rate?

A
  1. Digestion- HR increases during and after a meal as more blood is diverted to the digestive system.
  2. Fever- Heart beats faster to bring more blood to the surface of the body to release heat and cool the body.
  3. Adrenaline- Presence of this hormone signals heart to beat more frequently (Excited or scared).
  4. Exercise- Beating more often and pushing out a higher volume of blood with each beat.
101
Q

What are the Components of Blood?

A

Solid Components- White Blood cells (leukocytes), Red Blood cells (erythrocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes)
Liquid Components- Plasma

102
Q

What are White Blood cells?

A

Colourless, fight infection and disease.

103
Q

What are Red Blood cells?

A

Packed with hemoglobin (contains iron) which bond to O2 and carry CO2
Carries O2 from lungs to body cells and carries CO2 from cells to lungs.

104
Q

What are Platelets?

A

Fragments of cells
Helps blood clots form

105
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Mostly water and other blood components suspended in plasma
Nutrients are also suspended in plasma

106
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit?

A

Pulmonary=Lungs
Blood goes through the heart–>lungs–>heart
Red blood cells are now oxygenated

107
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit?

A

Systemic=All other systems
Heart–>Body cells–>Heart
Body cells get O2 from oxygenated blood and get rid of CO2

108
Q

What are the 3 functions of the heart?

A
  1. Pumping blood
  2. Keeping oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
  3. Keeping blood moving in one direction
109
Q

What is pumping blood carried out by?

A

Left and Right Atria
Left and Right Ventricles

110
Q

What keeps the blood separate?

A

Septum
-divides the right and left side

111
Q

What do the right and left side of the heart do?

A

Right side: Pumps out deoxygenated blood
Left side: Pumps oxygenated blood

112
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

Tricuspid & Bicuspid (miteral) valves
Pulmonary & Aortic valves

113
Q

What is the heart’s blood supply?

A

The heart does not use the blood inside its chambers to receive O2 and nutrients.
Blood for the heart comes from the 2 coronary arteries that branch off the Aorta

114
Q

What is the natural pacemaker?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node located where the vena cava enters the right atrium.

115
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure of blood on the walls of the arteries it results from 2 forces; Systolic and Diastolic

116
Q

What is Systolic Pressure?

A

When the heart contracts

117
Q

What is Diastolic Pressure?

A

When the heart rests

118
Q

What is optimal blood pressure?

A

120/80

119
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing in the opening of the heart valves or arteries that can result in non-smooth flow of blood

120
Q

What is the sinoatrial node and why is it often called the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The SA node is a nerve bundle that stimulates arterial contraction and controls the heartbeat.
It acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker because its self-firing mechanism generates electrical signals at regular intervals, automatically repeating a cycle of firing, relaxing and firing.

121
Q

What is the path of food through the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity->Pharynx ->Epiglottis ->Esophagus ->Cardia Sphincter ->Stomach ->Pyloric Sphincter ->Small Intestine ->Large Intestine ->Appendix ->Rectum ->Anus

Biology (5 decks)

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