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Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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2
Q

What cycle does a cell spend most of its lifespan?

A

Interphase

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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of somatic or body cells are formed (all regular cells except for sex cells).

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4
Q

What does mitosis allow cells or organisms to do?

A

-Grow
-Repair damage
-Replace dead or dying cells

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5
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Propase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

What does asexual reproduction produce?

A

2 identical offspring

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7
Q

What is Meiosis responsible for in offspring?

A

Variation

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8
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A

To make daughter cells with exactly half as many chromosomes as the mother cell

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9
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A cell with half the number of chromosomes

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10
Q

What is a diploid(2n)?

A

A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes ( 1 set from father and 1 set from mother).

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11
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cell (egg or sperm).

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12
Q

What is replication?

A

Process of duplicating a chromosome.

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13
Q

What are replicated copies called?

A

Sister chromatids

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14
Q

What is Synapsis?

A

In prophase l when chromosomes pair up and form a tetrad.

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15
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Genetic material between non-sister chromatids can cross over causeing the chromatids to become gentically destinct (no longer identical).

The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

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16
Q

What are the long twisted strands in DNA called?

A

Double helix

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17
Q

What is a Chromatin?

A

A single strand of DNA found in the nucleus.

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18
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

Two long twisted, identical strands of DNA.

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19
Q

What do the “backbones” of the DNA ladder consist of?

A

Alternating sugar molecules (deoxyribose), and phosphate molecules>

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20
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base molecule.

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21
Q

What is a “rungs” and how many are their?

A

Nitrogenous bases (also called base pairs) and only 4.

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22
Q

What are the “rungs” and what can they link with?

A

A (adenine) will only link with T (thymine).
C (cystosine) will only link with G (guanine).

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23
Q

What is a Codon?

A

The sequence of 3 letter nucleotides that make an instruction to form a particular amino acid.

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24
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA with enough codons to produce one specfic protien molecule.
A long section of DNA that determines a characteristic.

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25
Q

How many amino acids link together to make a protein?

A

Hundreds of thousands

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26
Q

What do proteins make up?

A

Make up most of the structure of cells and tissues, also enzymes and hormones.

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27
Q

How many genes does each human have?

A

20-25 thousand

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28
Q

What is the appearnace of a cells genetic material at prophase of mitosis?

A

Centrosomes migrate toward poles, growing spindle fibres, dissapearing nuclear membrane and replicated chromosomes.

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29
Q

Some drugs that combat cancer inhibit mitosis. What effect would this have on healing times?

A

Healing time would increase

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30
Q

What is the difference between a gamete and zygote?

A

A gamete is a male or female reproductive cell that fuses together during sexual reproduction to create a zygote.

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31
Q

There is 78 chromosomes in dogs. How many chromosomes are in the gamete cell of a dog?

A

39 chromosomes since gametes are haploids (half number of chromosomes that are in diploid cells).

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32
Q

If the number of chromosomes were not reduced during mitosis, how many chromosomes would a human gamete have? How many chromosomes would result after fertilization?

A

Gametes would have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
After fertilization the zygote would have 92 chromosomes (4 sets of 23).

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33
Q

What phase of Meiosis are most like the phase of Mitosis?

A

Metaphase ll, Anaphase ll and Telophase ll.

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34
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Missing, extra or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA.
Offten occurs when there is an error in cell division.

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35
Q

What is Deletion?

A

A piece of the chromosome is removed and lost.

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36
Q

What is Translocation?

A

When a piece of chromosome is removed but gets inserted again upsidedown.

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37
Q

What is Duplication?

A

When a piece of chromosome gets repeated.

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38
Q

What is Nondisjunction? When does it happen?

A

When chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis. This can happen at anaphase l or ll.

39
Q

What is XX?

A

A normal female

40
Q

What is XY?

A

A normal male

41
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

A picture of chromosomes in a dividing cell that is arranged in pairs by size.

42
Q

What is Prenatal Genetic Testing?

A

Test preformed on fetus to determine any genetic disorders.

43
Q

What is Aminocentesis?

A

A sample of amminotic fluid taken after 14th week of pregnancy.

44
Q

What are the risks with Amniocentesis?

A

-Chance baby may be poked by the needle
-Less than 1 out of 200 women have a miscaridge

45
Q

What is Chronic Villus Sampling?

A

A sample of cells taken from the placenta after the 9th week of pregnancy to any determine genetic disorders.

46
Q

What is the difference between how fraternal and identical twins are formed?

A

Fraternal is when the 2 eggs are released and both are fertilized.
Identical is when a single zygote divides into 2 seperate bodies.

47
Q

What are the 2 ways during meiosis, genetic variation is ensured?

A

Crossing over and Independent assortment

48
Q

What does “Independent assortment” refer to?

A

Gametes have diffrent combonations of chromosomes from each parent.

49
Q

What is the difference between trisomy and monosomy?

A

Monosomy is the loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction while trisonomy is the gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjuction.

50
Q

Why would someone under go Prenatal Genetic Testing?

A

If they were older than 35.

51
Q

What is cloning to improve human health?

A

-A way to produce genetically identical organism through non-sexual means.

52
Q

What is Dolly the sheep?

A

The first mammal to be cloned from a somatic cell

53
Q

What is artficial insemination?

A

When sperm is artificially placed into a woman’s cervix or uterus.

54
Q

What is In-Vitro Fertilization?

A

Sperm and egg are combined in a petri plate.
The resulting embryo is transferred to the woman’s uterus to implant and develop.

55
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells that can divide repeatedly.

56
Q

What are Embryonic stem cells?

A

Cells that can become any type of cell.
Only found in embryos.

57
Q

Why is where stem cells come from so controversial?

A

Most embryonic stem cells come from embryos that were created in a lab.

58
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel and what did he do?

A

Considered the father of genetics.
Investigated inheritance in pea plants.

59
Q

What was the first experiment Gregor Mendel did? What did he predict and what actually happened?

A

He crossed-pollinated a tall pea plant with a short pea plant.
He predicted they would all be medium, but instead they were all the pea plants were tall.

60
Q

What were the dominant and recessive traits in the pea plants?

A

Dominant-Tall
Recessive-Short

61
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

Organisms inherit 2 copies of a gene, one from each parent.
Organisms only donate one copy of each gene to their gametes.

62
Q

What was the second experiment that Mendel did? What did he predict and what actually happened?

A

He cross-polinated the F1 generation plants and observed the F2 generation traits.
He predicted they would all be tall instead, they were a mix of tall and short in a 3:1 ratio.

63
Q

What is the Law of Dominance?

A

An organism with different forms of a gene will express the form that is dominant.

64
Q

What are alleles and what can they be represented as in Mendel’s experiments?

A

The alternative forms of a gene.
Can be shown as T or t.

65
Q

What advantages does artificial insemination have over traditional methods of selective breeding?

A

Artificial insemination allows improved access to more potential male donors with highly desirable traits.

66
Q

How do artificial insemination and embryo transfer increase the genetic variation in animals?

A

Both of these procedures allow for the introduction of new genetic variations from different parts of the world into a given group of animals.

67
Q

What is the function of a vector in gene cloning?

A

A vector carries the gene of interest into the foreign cell.

68
Q

What is one benefit of developing genetically engineered medical products such as insulin?

A

Less expensive to produce in large quantities.

69
Q

Why would a company use embryo transfer?

A

So they can choose desirable characteristics for their animals and shipping embryos is easier than shipping animals and allows the offspring to grow up in their native environment.

70
Q

Some human proteins that are cloned in and isolated from bacteria are not as active as when they are purified from the natural source. Why does this happen?

A

The bacteria do or don’t do something in the protein that would normally occur in the human tissue.

71
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross of 2 individuals that differ by one trait.

72
Q

How does the F1 generation from a cross between true-breeding plants with opposite forms of a trait differ from the F2 generation?

A

The F1 generation exhibits only the dominant form of the trait and the F2 generation exhibits both the dominant and recessive forms in a 3:1 ratio.

73
Q

Why did Mendel start with the true breeding plants?

A

Needed plants with predictable traits so that results were accurate and so that he was able to control his experiments.

74
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

An individual with identical alleles is also called purebred.
Ex. TT or tt

75
Q

What is Heterozygous?

A

An individual with 2 different alleles is also called a hybrid.
Ex. Tt

76
Q

What is Genotype?

A

The unobservable genetic makeup of an organism.
The code that expresses the observable traits.

77
Q

What is Phenotype?

A

The observable traits of an organism.
What you can see.

78
Q

What is a Punnett square?

A

A diagram used to predict the possible combination of alleles that can form in offspring.

79
Q

What is incomplete dominance and what are superscripts used to represent?

A

Dominance is not always the rule, it is actually the exception.
Superscripts are used to represent incomplete dominance.
Red+White=Pink

80
Q

What is seen in incomplete l.

A

Neither trait is seen but rather a blend of traits.

81
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles may be dominant therefore both are expressed.
Red+White=red and white

82
Q

What are multiple alleles?

A

More than 2 alleles can exist for a trait.
However, any one organism can only have 2 of the alleles (one from mom and one from dad).

83
Q

What is an antigen and where is it found?

A

It stimulates the body’s immune system.
It is found on the plasma membrane of red blood cells.
A single gene determines the antigen protein carried on the red blood cell and therefore a person’s blood type.

84
Q

What are the blood types and what are their genotypes?

A

Type A- lAlA or lAi
Type B- lBlB or lBi
Type AB- lAlB
Type O-ii

85
Q

What is a universal donor?

A

Type O blood
Lacking any antigens so no one will have an immune response to it.

86
Q

What is a universal recipient?

A

Type AB blood
Has both kinds of antigens so won’t react to anyone’s blood

87
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

Refers to when a gene controlling a characteristic is located on a sex chromosome (X or Y)

88
Q

How many genes do X and Y chromosomes carry?

A

Y- 50-60 genes
X- 1000

89
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

A recessive X-linked trait which prolongs the clotting time of blood.
Certain clotting factors in the blood are low or missing.

90
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A chart of the genetics history of family over several generations.

91
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes that are on the same chromosome and that tend to be inherited together. Do not assort independently.

92
Q

How are linked genes found experimentally?

A

They are found on the same chromosome and are inherited together i phenotypic ratios are not according to the Mendelian ratio.

93
Q

What is chromosome mapping? How is gene linkage used in chromosome mapping?

A

The more frequently linked genes are separated, the farther apart they are on a chromosome. This provides an idea of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome, which is called gene mapping.

Biology (5 decks)

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