Chapters 9-13 Flashcards
Define direct signaling
Molecules transferred from cell to cell through contact
Define Paracrine signaling
Sends molecules/signals to groups or cluster of cells
Define Endocrine signaling
Sends hormones with the help of the circulatory system to the whole body
Define Synaptic
Sends neurotransmitters between a gap which will cause a response in the body
Space into which neurotransmitters are released Chemical
Synaspe
The class of cell surface receptors that assist in transmitting a signal from a receptor to an effector and are composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits are called
G-protein- coupled receptors
A researcher is investigating several MHC proteins. That means she’s is
studying proteins that provide surface markers for distinguishing between “self” and “non-self”
Small molecules or ions can pass from one cell to another through is called
gap junctions
Bacteria divide by _____, in which the cell divides into two nearly equal halves.
Binary fisson
the portion of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes are invisible under light microscope because the are not yet condensed.
prophase
the stage of mitosis characterized by the alignment of the chromosomes along the midline of the cell
Metaphase
The progress of mitosis is regulated ______and their dependent kinases.
Cyclins
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of a complex of 60% protein and 40% DNA. The name of this chemical complex is
chromatin.
The attachment of which molecules is critical for the proper separation of sister chromatids.
microtubules
Animal cells typically achieve cytokinesis by
forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into two.
a process of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes in certain cells is halved during gamete formation.
Meiosis
The two homologous chromosomes pair along their length early in the first nuclear division. During this physical joining genetic exchange occurs between in a process called
genetic recombination.
The _____ of an organism is the physical appearance resulting from the expression of genes present.
Phenotype
Mendel invented the_____ cross to determine whether an individual with an unknown genotype was homozygous or heterozygous for a trait.
test
Traits that are carried on the X chromosomes are said to be
sex-linked.
A phenomenon called ____ is when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, leading to a condition in which the diploid number is not normal.
nondisjunction
Humans who have lost even one copy of an autosomes are called
monosomics.
inherited their mitochondrial DNA from their mother and none from their father.
Both sons and daughter
A 39 year old woman is in her sixth week of pregnancy. Due to her advanced maternal age she is a high risk for having a baby with Down’s syndrome. She would like to find out as early as possible whether or not her baby has Down’s syndrome. Her doctor suggests
chorionic villi sampling.
