Chapter 14,15,17,19 Flashcards
Nucleotide have phosphate attached at the ____ carbon atom of the sugar
5’
The synthesis of the growing chain of DNA is carried out by adding nucleotide to the ___ end.
3’
DNA consist of two antiparallel strands of nucleotide chains whose bases are held together by
hydrogen bonds
The chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next one along with nucleic acid chains is called
phosphodiester bond
The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA molecules is called
DNA polymerase.
As the two strands of DNA are unraveled, the _______enzyme relieves the strain on the two strand.
DNA gyrase
Components of nucleotides
Organic nitrogen bases
Sugar
Phosphate
the pairing of nitrogen bases is A pairs with T and G pairs with C
Chargaff’s rules
If A is 14% the what the rest ?
14% - T
C-36%
G-36%
AATTGCCGT
TTAACGGCA
a ribosome assembles a polypeptide, whose amino acids sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in the mRNA
translation
Amino acids are transported to the ribosomes for use in building the polypeptide by
tRNA
number of bases need for a codon
3
In eukaryotes, the empty tRNA molecules exit the ribosomes from the
E site.
Central Dogma is
DNA → RNA→Proteins
Restriction enzymes are
endonucleases.
Gel ______ is a process that separates DNA or protein fragments according to their size, by causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field.
electrophoresis
Small circular,extrachromosomal DNA segments are known as
plasmids
Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites are called
restriction endonucleases.
A ______ consists of the entire DNA in a nucleus of a cell.
Genome
Non-coding DNA regions within a gene are referred to as
introns
A fertilized egg is called a
zygote
the initial period of division in a zygote, is not accompanied by an increase in the overall size of the embryo.
Cleavage
A hollow ball of cells that results from repeated cell
blastula
Cells that die from injury usually swell then burst. Their contents are released into the extracellular fluid. This form of cell death is called
necrosis
Apoptosis
programmed cell death a part of development
Cell that were used to make Dolly
Stem cells
neoplasia
the formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue
can lead to cancer
In contrast to the cell cycle of adult somatic cell, the dividing cells of an early embryo lacks the
G1 and G2 stages.
